Trial reportNature human behaviour2024
A behaviourally informed chatbot increases vaccination rates in Argentina more than a one-way reminder.
Trial report in Nature human behaviour, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Hybrid Chatbot to Promote Pneumococcal Vaccination Among Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- A behaviourally informed chatbot increases vaccination rates in Argentina more than a one-way reminder.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- Stakeholder Experiences With the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Chatbot as a Complementary Capacity-Building Tool for Frontline Health Workers in India: Qualitative Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Population-Level Gastroenterology and Hepatology: A Comprehensive Review of Public Health Applications and Quantitative Impact.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Review
- What can chatbot conversations reveal about vaccine concerns? An observational topic modelling study for public health infoveillance.BMJ digital health & AI · 2026Article
- Vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: post-pandemic challenges and the use of artificial intelligence.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Effects of a smartphone-based chatbot intervention on influenza and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among South Asians.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Using WhatsApp for vaccine promotion in low- and middle-income countries: practitioner-informed perspectives.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Effectiveness, Usability, and Acceptability of ChatGPT With Retrieval-Augmented Generation (SIV-ChatGPT) in Increasing Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Uptake Among Older Adults: Quasi-Experimental Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Observational
- Generative artificial intelligence-mediated confirmation bias in health information seeking.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
- Large language models as disrupters of misinformation.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Perspective: advancing public health education by embedding AI literacy.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- How can Patient-Facing Artificial Intelligence Reach People Facing Digital Barriers and Mistrust of Healthcare?Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Maintaining COVID-19 vaccine demand was key to ending the global health emergency. To help do this, many governments used chatbots that provided personalized information guiding people on where, when and how to get vaccinated. We designed and tested a WhatsApp chatbot to understand whether two-way interactive messaging incorporating behaviourally informed functionalities could perform better than one-way message reminders. We ran a large-scale preregistered randomized controlled trial with 249,705 participants in Argentina, measuring vaccinations using Ministry of Health records. The behaviourally informed chatbot more than tripled COVID-19 vaccine uptake compared with the control group (a 1.6 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, (1.36 pp, 1.77 pp)) and nearly doubled uptake compared with the one-way message reminder (a 1 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, (0.83 pp, 1.17 pp)). Communications tools designed with behaviourally informed functionalities that simplify the vaccine user journey can increase vaccination more than traditional message reminders and may have applications to other health behaviours.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.