Evidence mapPaperPMID 39431844Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes2024

Major adverse cardiovascular events' reduction and their association with glucose-lowering medications and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records.

Haowen Hsu, Paul Thomas Kocis, Ariana Pichardo-Lowden, Wenke Hwang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Haowen HsuDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7422-9544
Paul Thomas KocisDepartment of Pharmacy, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
Ariana Pichardo-LowdenDepartment of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
Wenke HwangDepartment of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Funding

Penn State Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR002014 · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV HERSHEY MED CTR · 2025 to 2025
$3.8M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002014Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute through PCORnet Clinical Research Network Infrastructure 1259
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCardiovascular diseases are a common cause of death among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risks can be significantly reduced under adequate glycemic control (GC). This study aims to identify factors that influence MACE risk among patients with T2DM, including Hemoglobin A1c variability score (HVS) and early use of MACE-preventive glucose-lowering medications (GLMs).

methodsWe conducted a longitudinal cohort study to retrospectively review electronic health records between 2011 and 2022. Patients with T2DM ≥18 years without previous stroke or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were included. Cox regression was utilized to investigate MACE risk factors and compare MACE risk reduction associated with early use of MACE-preventive GLMs.

resultsA total of 19 685 subjects were included, with 5431 having MACE, including 4453 strokes, 977 AMI, and 1 death. There were 11 123 subjects with good baseline GC. Subjects with good baseline GC had 0.837 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.782-0.895) times lower MACE risk than their counterpart. Subjects with a single MACE-preventive GLM at baseline with continuous use >365 days showed a decreased MACE hazard ratio (0.681; CI: 0.635-0.731). Among all MACE-preventive GLMs, semaglutide provided a more significant MACE-preventive effect.

conclusionsThis study identified that GLM, early GC, and HVS are MACE determinants among patients with T2DM. Novel GLM, adequate GC, and reduction of HVS can benefit MACE outcomes.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseCardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Electronic Health RecordsGlycemic ControlHypoglycemic AgentsAgedFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic Agentsglucose‐lowering medicationsglycemic controlmajor adverse cardiovascular eventsprimary preventiontype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID39431844
PMCPMC11492400

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.