ReviewExpert review of clinical immunology2025
Conventional and new immunotherapies for immune system dysregulation in postpartum mood disorders: comparisons to immune system dysregulations in bipolar disorder, major depression, and postpartum autoimmune thyroid disease.
Review in Expert review of clinical immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Postpartum Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder: Review of Neurobiology and Expert Consensus Statement on Classification.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Association of inflammatory biomarkers during pregnancy and the postpartum period with the risk of postpartum anxiety symptoms.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Brexanolone infusion produces sustained anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects in patients with postpartum depression that predict symptom improvement.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- State-of-the-art treatment of postpartum bipolar disorder.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Associations of TNF-α, MIF, and cortisol with cognitive function in patients with bipolar disorder during acute manic episodes: a short-term follow-up study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Dynamics of Cytokines and Chemokines During the Peripartum Period in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Observational
- Identification of blood-secreted proteins as potential biomarkers for early perinatal depression.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPostpartum mood disorders are heterogenous disorders and comprise postpartum psychosis and postpartum depression. Evidence is accumulating that systemic monocyte/macrophage activation, low-grade inflammation and (premature senescence related) T cell defects increase the risk for mood disorders outside pregnancy by affecting the function of microglia and T cells in the emotional brain (the cortico-limbic system) leading to inadequate mood regulation upon stress. AREAS COVERED: The evidence in the literature that similar immune dysregulations are present in postpartum mood disorders.
resultsThe physiological postpartum period is characterized by a rapid T cell surge and a mild activation of the monocyte/macrophage system. Postpartum mood disorder patients show a diminished T cell surge (including that of T regulatory cells) and an increase in low grade inflammation, that is, an increased inflammatory state of monocytes/macrophages and higher levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. EXPERT OPINION: Anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors) and T cell boosting agents (e.g. low-dose IL-2 therapy) should be further investigated as treatment. The hypothesis should be investigated that postpartum mood disorders are active episodes (triggered by changes in the postpartum immuno-endocrine milieu) in ongoing, dynamically fluctuating aberrant neuro-immune-endocrine trajectories leading to mood disorders in women (inheritably) vulnerable to these disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.