What Is the Best Experimental Model for Developing Novel Therapeutics in Peripheral Artery Disease?

clinical problemMore than 200 million people worldwide have peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD affects the quality of life and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Standard treatment for severe cases of PAD is surgical or endovascular revascularization. However, up to 30% of patients are not candidates for open or endovascular procedures, due to high operative risk or unfavorable vascular involvement. Furthermore, revascularization procedures may be insufficient to adequately improve microvascular tissue perfusion, wound healing, or limb salvage. Accordingly, regardless of advances in treatment modalities, outcomes of patients with PAD have remained unfavorable. Therefore, new medical therapeutic approaches are much needed. Small animal models are indispensable tools for the understanding of PAD physiopathology and the development of novel medical therapies. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INCREASING TRANSLATION FROM ANIMAL MODELS: Development of animal models that more closely mimic the pathophysiology (with occlusive atherothrombosis and chronic development of limb ischemia) can incorporate the cardiovascular risk factors associated with this disease state, and focus on more clinically relevant outcomes is critical. In practice, this means using both animals that develop atherosclerosis and methods for the application of gradual arterial occlusion to induce hind limb ischemia. Doing so will likely help identify novel targets for intervention and overcome some principal challenges confronted by previous clinical trials. While various rodent models are discussed, the optimal animal model is yet to be defined.