Evidence mapPaperPMID 39481499Full record

ArticleReproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)2024

Whole mount preparation and analysis of rabbit mammary gland.

Harshal Rawtani, Julia Jackson, Fumei Gao, Namya Mellouk, Isabella Myer, Karina Cuevas Mora, Suzanne E Fenton, Liping Feng

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Harshal RawtaniDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Julia JacksonDuke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Fumei GaoDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking University Peoples' Hospital, Beijing, China.
Namya MelloukDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Isabella MyerDuke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Karina Cuevas MoraIntegrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Suzanne E FentonCenter for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Liping FengDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: liping.feng@duke.edu.

Funding

Translational Research Support CoreP30ES025128 · NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY RALEIGH · 2025 to 2025
$1.5M
Perinatal Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) exposure and Immunotoxicity in early lifeR01ES035037 · DUKE UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$497k
NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES025128NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES035037
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The mammary gland undergoes dynamic structural and compositional changes throughout life, influenced significantly by hormonal fluctuations and environmental factors. From embryonic development through menopause, this tissue adapts to accommodate phases such as postnatal expansion, pregnancy-induced lactation, and post-weaning involution. Hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and exogenous factors regulate these innate processes, affecting mammary epithelial cell proliferation and sensitivity, particularly in terminal end buds (TEB) and lobules, which are highly susceptible to endocrine disruption. Rodent models have provided invaluable insights into mammary gland biology, yet differences exist compared to human development, prompting the exploration of alternative models like rabbits. Additionally, there is momentum to move away from the use of nonhuman primates in safety assessments, increasing the need for evaluation tools for all tissues in the rabbit model. Rabbit mammary glands exhibit similarities to humans, making them promising for studying breast biology and pathology. However, protocols for whole-mount analysis of rabbit mammary glands are lacking due to the technical challenges of working with thicker tissue than rodent mammary glands. Here, we developed a methodology modified from rodent studies for preparing and analyzing rabbit mammary gland whole mounts, which is essential for advancing research in mammary gland biology and understanding the effects of hormonal and toxicant-induced disruption of mammary gland growth and function.

Indexed as

Mammary Glands, AnimalAnimalsFemaleRabbitsDevelopmentLactationMammary glandRabbitWhole mount

Identifiers

PMID39481499
PMCPMC12419695

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.