ArticleSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2025
A Novel Method to Predict Carbohydrate and Energy Expenditure During Endurance Exercise Using Measures of Training Load.
Article in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Fuelled or Fooled? Examining the Evidence and Mechanisms Behind Ultra-High Carbohydrate Intake in Endurance Athletes.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSports nutrition guidelines recommend carbohydrate (CHO) intake be individualized to the athlete and modulated according to changes in training load. However, there are limited methods to assess CHO utilization during training sessions.
objectivesWe aimed to (1) quantify bivariate relationships between both CHO and overall energy expenditure (EE) during exercise and commonly used, non-invasive measures of training load across sessions of varying duration and intensity and (2) build and evaluate prediction models to estimate CHO utilization and EE with the same training load measures and easily quantified individual factors.
methodsThis study was undertaken in two parts: a primary study, where participants performed four different laboratory-based cycle training sessions, and a validation study where different participants performed a single laboratory-based training session using one of three exercise modalities (cycling, running, or kayaking). The primary study included 15 cyclists (five female; maximal oxygen consumption [
resultsVery-large to near-perfect within-subject correlations (r = 0.76-0.96) were evident between all training load metrics and both CHO utilization and EE. In the primary study, all models explained a large amount of variance (R
conclusionsAt the individual level, there are strong linear relationships between all measures of training load and both CHO utilization and EE during cycling. When combined with other measures of fitness, EE and CHO utilization during cycling can be estimated accurately. These models can be applied in running and kayaking when used with a calibration adjustment.
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