ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2025
Refractive development II: Modelling normal and myopic eye growth.
Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Age-continuous centile curves reveal upper-tail divergence of anisometropia in 389 056 schoolchildren: implications for risk stratification in myopia control.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal changes in retinal image quality in school-aged children.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- The predictive accuracy of axial length to corneal curvature radius ratio for myopia in children and adolescents.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Distribution of Ocular Normative Parameters in a Spanish School Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Refractive development II: Modelling normal and myopic eye growth.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDuring refractive development, eye growth is controlled by a combination of genetically pre-programmed processes and retinal feedback to minimise the refractive error. This work presents a basic differential model of how this process may take place.
methodsThe description starts from two bi-exponential descriptions of the axial power P
resultsThe proposed model reproduces refractive development growth curves found in the literature for both healthy and myopic eyes. An early onset of myopisation, a large growth term and a high minimum for the crystalline lens power all lead to higher degrees of myopia. Assigning more importance to the feedback than to the pre-programmed growth makes the model more sensitive to myopogenic influences. Applying refractive corrections to the model, undercorrection is found to produce more myopia. The model compensates for a low-powered imposed lens and can return to (near) emmetropia if that imposed lens is removed quickly thereafter. Finally, simulating the effect of a diffuser leads to high myopia.
conclusionUsing a series of basic assumptions, the proposed model recreates many well-known experimental and clinical results about refractive development from the literature while placing them in a standardised context. This contributes to a broader understanding of the origins of refractive errors, and future versions may help in the development of solutions for myopia control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.