Angiotensin II receptor blockers and their applications in orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal medicine.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly prescribed for hypertension and heart failure, and have well-described antifibrotic properties throughout medical literature. The etiology and pathogenesis of fibrosis is biologically complex with a multitude of factors playing a role in the process. Consequently, pathologic fibrosis may be significant within orthopaedics contributing to post-operative stiffness and, ultimately, negative patient outcomes. The pharmacology of ARBs has been described to combat fibrosis in preclinical settings, while the literature of ARBs antifibrotic properties in relation to orthopaedics remains scarce. However, fibrosis is one of the primary factors contributing to tissue healing and functional recovery in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Fibrosis has specifically been described in relation to shoulder surgery, knee arthroplasty and hip arthroscopy. As such, outcomes of various orthopaedic surgeries are dependent upon a balance between tissue healing and stiffness, both of which may be mediated by a fibrotic response. Importantly, ARBs have recently emerged as a potential therapy to combat fibrosis-mediated stiffness in orthopaedic surgery patients. Thus, the following review article seeks to highlight the basic and clinical science of ARBs with emphasis on their implications and indications for orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal medicine.