Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39542650›Full record

ArticleJournal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN

Glutamate levels and symptom burden in high-risk and first-episode schizophrenia: a dual-voxel study of the anterior cingulate cortex.

Lejia Fan, Zhenmei Zhang, Xiaoqian Ma, Liangbing Liang, Yujue Wang, Liu Yuan, Lijun Ouyang, Zongchang Li, Xiaogang Chen, Ying He and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Lejia FanFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Zhenmei ZhangFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Xiaoqian MaFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Liangbing LiangFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Yujue WangFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Liu YuanFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Lijun OuyangFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Zongchang LiFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Xiaogang ChenFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan).
Ying HeFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan) lena.palaniyappan@mcgill.ca yinghe@csu.edu.cn.
Lena PalaniyappanFrom the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China (Fan); the Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (Fan, Zhang, Ma, Wang, Yuan, Ouyang, He, Li, Chen); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Fan, Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Liang, Palaniyappan) lena.palaniyappan@mcgill.ca yinghe@csu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundReduced glutamatergic excitability of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been long suspected in schizophrenia; recent observations support low glutamatergic tone as the primary pathophysiology contributing to subtle early features of this illness, with a secondary disinhibition (higher glutamate tone) resulting in more prominent clinical symptoms later in its course. We sought to investigate whether people with genetic high risk (GHR) for schizophrenia have lower glutamate levels in the ACC than those at later stages of clinical high risk (CHR) and those with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), among whom symptoms are already prominent.

methodsWe recruited people with CHR, GHR, or FES, as well as healthy controls. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined glutamate levels in the perigenual ACC (pACC) and dorsal ACC (dACC) using a 3 T scanner.

resultsWe recruited 302 people across multiple stages of psychosis, including 63 with CHR, 76 with GHR, and 96 with FES, as well as 67 healthy controls. Those with GHR had lower glutamate levels in the dACC than those with CHR, while those with CHR had higher glutamate levels in the pACC than those with FES. Higher disorganization, but not any other symptom domain, was associated with lower levels of glutamate in the GHR group (dACC and pACC) and in the CHR group (pACC). LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design precluded inferences regarding individual clinical trajectory and resolution at 3 T was insufficient to separate spectra of glutamine from glutamate.

conclusionReduced glutamatergic tone among people genetically predisposed to schizophrenia supports diminished excitability as an early feature of schizophrenia, contributing to the subtle symptom of disorganization across high-risk states. Higher glutamate levels become apparent when psychotic symptoms become prominent, possibly as a disinhibitory effect and, at the full-blown stage of psychosis, the relationship between glutamate concentrations and symptoms ceases to be simply linear.

Indexed as

Glutamic AcidGyrus CinguliProton Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopySchizophreniaAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleRiskSymptom BurdenYoung AdultGlutamic Acid

Identifiers

PMID39542650
PMCPMC11573428

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.