Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39546740›Full record

ArticleNeurology2024

Evaluating Social Determinants of Health-Based Alternatives to Race-Based Cognitive Normative Models.

Andrea Lauren Christman Schneider, Anny Reyes, James A Henegan, Vidyulata Kamath, Lisa Wruck, James Russell Pike, Alden Gross, Keenan Walker, Anna Kucharska-Newton, Josef Coresh and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

A Systematic Review of Available Normative Data on Neuropsychological Tests for Spanish Speakers in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and Spain.Neuropsychology review · 2026
Pooled it
CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025
Article
On the complexity of biomarker-driven diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuropsychology · 2025
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Andrea Lauren Christman SchneiderFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0003-0026-5052

Anny ReyesFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0003-0625-6990

James A HeneganFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.

Vidyulata KamathFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0001-7711-3597

Lisa WruckFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.

James Russell PikeFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-6858-620X

Alden GrossFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-4678-0562

Keenan WalkerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-5989-9853

Anna Kucharska-NewtonFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0001-9864-467X

Josef CoreshFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-4598-0669

Thomas H MosleyFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0003-3343-1352

Rebecca F GottesmanFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-9504-1256

Michael GriswoldFrom the Department of Neurology (A.L.C.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (A.L.C.S.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences (A.R.), University of California, San Diego; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (J.A.H., T.H.M., M.G.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (V.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (L.W.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health (J.R.P., J.C.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Epidemiology (A.G.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; National Institute on Aging Intramural Program (K.W.), Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (A.K.-N.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program (R.F.G.), Bethesda, MD.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesRace and ethnicity are proxy measures of sociocultural factors that influence cognitive test performance. Our objective was to compare different regression-based cognitive normative models adjusting for demographics and different combinations of easily accessible/commonly used social determinants of health (SDoH) factors, which may help describe cognitive performance variability historically captured by ethnoracial differences.

methodsWe performed cross-sectional analyses on data from Black and White participants without mild cognitive impairment/dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who attended visit 5 in 2011-2013. Participants underwent a battery of 11 cognitive tests (3 domains: memory, executive function, language). We fit 6 separate normative models for each cognitive test, all including age and education, with different combinations of race, the Wide Range of Achievement Test (education quality proxy), and area deprivation index (neighborhood deprivation) associated with current residence. We compared model fits and calculated concordances/discordances between models using z-scores derived from each normative model and a z-score <-1.5 threshold for impairment.

resultsParticipants (n = 2,392) had a mean age of 74.4 years, 60.4% were female, and 17.1% were of self-reported Black race. The "Full" model with race alongside demographic and SDoH measures consistently outperformed other nested submodels (likelihood ratios ≥ 100) for all domains/tests except Delayed Word Recall. Models with education quality alone ("WRAT") generally outperformed models with neighborhood deprivation ("ADI") or race ("Race") alone for memory and language tests while "Race" models performed better for executive function tests. Adding neighborhood deprivation to education quality ("WRAT + ADI") did not improve models vs using "WRAT" alone. Across all domains/tests, the concordance compared with the "Full" model was lower for "Education" and "ADI" models than for other nested models. Although numbers were small, there was greater discordance among Black (range = 8.2%-23.2%) compared with White (range = 2.2%-3.4%) participants, particularly for Boston Naming Test and executive function tests. DISCUSSION: Education quality outperformed neighborhood disadvantage as an additional/alternative SDoH measure in normative models and may be useful to collect in cognitive aging studies. While performance varied across cognitive domains and tests, routinely reported SDoH variables (education level, education quality, late-life neighborhood deprivation) did not fully account for observed ethnoracial variability; future work should evaluate SDoH across the lifespan in more ethnoracially diverse populations.

Indexed as

Neuropsychological TestsSocial Determinants of HealthAgedAged, 80 and overBlack or African AmericanCognitionCognitive DysfunctionCross-Sectional StudiesEducational StatusExecutive FunctionFemaleHumansMaleWhite

Identifiers

PMID39546740

DOI10.1212/WNL.0000000000210030

PMCPMC11567649

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.