SynthesisEuropean journal of neurology2025
Do immune checkpoint inhibitors affect the course of multiple sclerosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical characteristics, management and outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced central nervous system demyelinating disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Do immune checkpoint inhibitors affect the course of multiple sclerosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: translational mechanisms, dynamic biomarkers, clinically actionable combination strategies, and comparative checkpoint biology.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- A Delicate Balance: Immunotherapy for Endometrial Cancer in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of medical cases · 2026Article
- Combining Pembrolizumab and Ofatumumab in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report.Surgical case reports · 2026Article
- Therapeutic advances in multiple sclerosis: Novel therapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T, Anti-CD40L).Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Reporting patterns of multiple sclerosis with immune checkpoint inhibitors: analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Immune-Related Adverse Events of Checkpoint Inhibitors and Human Leukocyte Antigen System: A Review.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis and solid organ cancers treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Neuro-oncology advancesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeElderly people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) present higher probability of malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve cancer prognosis but pose risk of disease flares in people with pre-existing autoimmune conditions, including MS. Data addressing the impact of ICIs on MS are scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effects of ICIs on MS disease activity.
methodsA systematic literature search in Google Scholar and PubMed, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, identified five observational studies. Data on clinical and neuroradiological outcomes were analyzed using random-effects models.
resultsThe clinical activity meta-analysis included 90 pwMS undergoing ICI therapy (median follow-up = 0.62-1.85 years, 103.74 patient-years). The pooled relapse rate was 5.45 per 100 patient-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.86-14.92). Median time to relapse was 1 month after the ICI start (range = 0.4-6 months). No relapse occurred after 58 years. The neuroradiological activity meta-analysis was conducted on 36 pwMS (median magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] follow-up = 0.75-1.85 years, 41.94 patient-years). The pooled new MRI lesion rate was 24.9 per 100 patient-years (95% CI = 10.9-47.3), with median time to new MRI lesions of 3 months (range = 1-6 months). In 80% of cases, disease-modifying treatment (DMT) was suspended at ICI initiation.
conclusionsWe found a low relapse rate in pwMS following ICI treatment, with no events in older pwMS. The risk of neuroradiological activity appears higher, but mainly occurs in pwMS who discontinued DMT. All events occurred within the first 6 months of ICI therapy. These conclusions are based on small observational studies, highlighting the urgent need for further research on this topic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.