ArticlePsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2025
Abnormal choroid plexus, hippocampus, and lateral ventricles volumes as markers of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
Article in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial control of blood-brain barrier homeostasis in neuroinflammatory psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Linking inflammatory and structural neuroimaging biomarkers in treatment-resistant depression: Current evidence and emerging hypotheses.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- Altered brain structure age gap estimation in major depressive disorder patients with and without anhedonia: a machine learning-based study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimOne-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not achieve full remission and have high relapse rates even after treatment, leading to increased medical costs and reduced quality of life and health status. The possible specificity of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) neurobiology is still under investigation, with risk factors such as higher inflammatory markers being identified. Given recent findings on the role of choroid plexus (ChP) in neuroinflammation and hippocampus in treatment response, the aim of the present study was to evaluate inflammatory- and trophic-related differences in these regions along with ventricular volumes among patients with treatment-sensitive depression (TSD), TRD, and healthy controls (HCs).
methodsChP, hippocampal, and ventricular volumes were assessed in 197 patients with MDD and 58 age- and sex-matched HCs. Volumes were estimated using FreeSurfer 7.2. Treatment resistance status was defined as failure to respond to at least two separate antidepressant treatments. Region of interest volumes were then compared among groups.
resultsWe found higher ChP volumes in patients with TRD compared with patients with TSD and HCs. Our results also showed lower hippocampal volumes and higher lateral ventricular volumes in TRD compared with both patients without TRD and HCs.
conclusionsThese findings corroborate the link between TRD and neuroinflammation, as ChP volume could be considered a putative marker of central immune activity. The lack of significant differences in all of the region of interest volumes between patients with TSD and HCs may highlight the specificity of these features to TRD, possibly providing new insights into the specific neurobiological underpinnings of this condition.
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