Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39593898›Full record

ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2024

The Algorithmic Agent Perspective and Computational Neuropsychiatry: From Etiology to Advanced Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder.

Giulio Ruffini, Francesca Castaldo, Edmundo Lopez-Sola, Roser Sanchez-Todo, Jakub Vohryzek

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Five Fristonian Formulae.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Structured Dynamics in the Algorithmic Agent.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  7. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Giulio RuffiniBrain Modeling Department, Neuroelectrics, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-3084-0177
Francesca CastaldoBrain Modeling Department, Neuroelectrics, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-4947-4552
Edmundo Lopez-SolaBrain Modeling Department, Neuroelectrics, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-9062-4428
Roser Sanchez-TodoBrain Modeling Department, Neuroelectrics, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-1580-8750
Jakub VohryzekComputational Neuroscience Group, UPF, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex, heterogeneous condition affecting millions worldwide. Computational neuropsychiatry offers potential breakthroughs through the mechanistic modeling of this disorder. Using the Kolmogorov theory (KT) of consciousness, we developed a foundational model where algorithmic agents interact with the world to maximize an Objective Function evaluating affective valence. Depression, defined in this context by a state of persistently low valence, may arise from various factors-including inaccurate world models (cognitive biases), a dysfunctional Objective Function (anhedonia, anxiety), deficient planning (executive deficits), or unfavorable environments. Integrating algorithmic, dynamical systems, and neurobiological concepts, we map the agent model to brain circuits and functional networks, framing potential etiological routes and linking with depression biotypes. Finally, we explore how brain stimulation, psychotherapy, and plasticity-enhancing compounds such as psychedelics can synergistically repair neural circuits and optimize therapies using personalized computational models.

Indexed as

active inferencealgorithmic information theoryartificial intelligencebiotypesbrain stimulationcomputational neurosciencedepressiondigital twinsfree energy principlekolmogorov theory of consciousnesstDCS

Identifiers

PMID39593898
PMCPMC11592617

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.