ReviewBiomedicines2024
Emerging Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Biomedicines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What is the incidence and clinical significance of dry eye disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors? A systematic review and meta-analysis of ocular immune-related adverse events.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Pooled it
- Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and the risk and prognosis of uveitis: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Ophthalmic Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer Immunotherapy: Tissue-Specific Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Consensus-Based Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- AAV8-Mediated Retinal PD-L1 Gene Transfer Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Restoring Local Immune Tolerance.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Ocular Manifestations Associated with Hematologic Malignancies: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Ocular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance analysis of the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine-assisted immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy for solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Dramatic Inflammatory Regression of Choroidal Metastases from Renal Cell Carcinoma following Ipilimumab and Nivolumab Immunotherapy: A Case Series.Ocular oncology and pathology · 2025Article
- Can Immune Checkpoint Modulation Redefine Ocular Immunotherapy? Emerging Mechanisms, Challenges, and Translational Opportunities-A Comprehensive Review.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Case Report: Tislelizumab-induced panuveitis: a report of two cases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the immune response in optic nerve injury: implications for retinal ganglion cell protection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, offering significant improvements in patient survival across various malignancies. However, their use is associated with a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including those affecting the eye and its surrounding structures, collectively termed ocular irAEs (OirAEs). Although rare, OirAEs (e.g., keratitis, uveitis, retinal vasculitis, etc.) can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, leading to ocular complications if left untreated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of OirAEs associated with ICIs, including their clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and current management strategies. We delve into the anterior and posterior segment adverse events, highlighting conditions such as dry eye, uveitis, and retinal disorders, as well as neuro-ophthalmic and orbital complications. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges in diagnosing and treating these conditions, particularly given the overlap with other autoimmune and paraneoplastic syndromes. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions aimed at optimizing the management of OirAEs while maintaining the efficacy of cancer therapy. This review underscores the need for increased awareness among clinicians to prevent irreversible ocular damage and enhance patient outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.