Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39615767›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2025

Cannabis Policies, Cannabis, and Opioids in Suicide and Undetermined Intent Death.

Marlene C Lira, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Rosanna Smart, Seema Choksy Pessar, Jason Blanchette, Timothy S Naimi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Marlene C LiraWorkit Labs, Workit Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; DrPH Program, Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: mlira@workithealth.com.
Rosalie Liccardo PaculaLeonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Health Policy and Management, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Rosanna SmartRAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.
Seema Choksy PessarDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Jason BlanchetteDepartment of Health Policy, Law, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Timothy S NaimiCanadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Funding

Optimal Methods for Estimating Policy Effect Heterogeneity in Opioid Policy ResearchP50DA046351 · NIDA · RAND CORPORATION · PI BRADLEY D STEIN · 2018 to 2026
$20.8M
Scientific and Technical CoreP2CHD041022 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI PATRICK C. HEUVELINE · 2016 to 2026
$6.9M
Impact of Marijuana Policies on Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related MortalityR01AA026268 · NIAAA · BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER · PI NAIMI, TIMOTHY SIMONDS · 2018 to 2021
$2.5M
NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA026268NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD041022NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA046351
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSuicides and deaths of undetermined intent frequently involve cannabis or opioids, yet the relationships between cannabis and opioids, and cannabis policies and cannabis or opioid involvement in these deaths, are not well-characterized. Additionally, although there have been substantial changes to cannabis policies, there have been conflicting findings on relationships between changing cannabis policies and cannabis-involved or opioid-involved deaths.

methodsThis was a repeated, cross-sectional study of decedents using restricted access data from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2018 and the Cannabis Policy Scale. The following associations were assessed among decedents from suicide and deaths of undetermined intent using mixed effects logistic regression: (1) relationships between cannabis involvement and opioid involvement; (2) relationships between cannabis policies and cannabis involvement; and (3) relationships between cannabis policies and opioid involvement. Analyses were conducted from 2021 to 2022.

resultsStates contributing to National Violent Death Reporting System increased in number from 7 to 41 throughout the study period, and the final sample included 68,924 decedents of suicide and undetermined intent. Cannabis involvement was associated with increased odds of opioid involvement (AOR=1.29, 95% CI=1.22, 1.37). A 10% increase in Cannabis Policy Scale, representing a more restrictive cannabis policy environment, was associated with reduced odds of cannabis involvement (AOR=0.87, 95% CI=0.84, 0.90) and opioid involvement (AOR=0.88, 95% CI=0.85, 0.91).

conclusionsThese findings do not support the idea that cannabis policy liberalization and/or cannabis use are likely to be useful strategies to reduce cannabis or opioid involvement in deaths of suicide and undetermined intent.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidCannabisHealth PolicyLegislation, DrugSuicideAdolescentAdultCluster AnalysisCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesYoung AdultAnalgesics, Opioid

Identifiers

PMID39615767
PMCPMC11830554

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.