Evidence mapPaperPMID 39615896Full record

ArticleBMJ open gastroenterology2024

Forns index and fatty liver index, but not FIB-4, are associated with indices of glycaemia, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: analysis of The Maastricht Study.

Leen Heyens, Hanna Kenjic, Pieter Dagnelie, Casper Schalkwijk, Coen Stehouwer, Steven Meex, Jeroen Kooman, Otto Bekers, Marleen van Greevenbroek, Hans Savelberg and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open gastroenterology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Leen Heyens *Hasselt University Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-4850-6011
Hanna Kenjic *School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Pieter DagnelieCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Casper SchalkwijkCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Coen StehouwerCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Steven MeexCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Jeroen KoomanSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Otto BekersCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Marleen van GreevenbroekCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Hans SavelbergSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Geert RobaeysHasselt University Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Bastiaan de GalanCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Annemarie KosterDepartment of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Martien van DongenCAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Simone EussenCARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Ger KoekSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands gh.koek@mumc.nl.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveGlucose metabolism status (GMS) is linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Higher levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are observed in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and NAFLD. We examined the association between GMS, non-invasive tests and AGEs, with liver steatosis and fibrosis.

methodsData from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort, were analysed. Participants with alcohol overconsumption or missing data were excluded. GMS was determined via an oral glucose tolerance test. AGEs, measured by skin autofluorescence (SAF), were assessed using an AGE Reader. Associations of GMS and SAF with the fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4), Forns index (FI) and fatty liver index (FLI) were investigated using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical variables.

results1955 participants (56.6%) were analysed: 598 (30.6%) had T2DM, 264 (13.5%) had pre-diabetes and 1069 (54.7%) had normal glucose metabolism. Pre-diabetes was significantly associated with FLI (standardised regression coefficient (Stβ) 0.396, 95% CI 0.323 to 0.471) and FI (Stβ 0.145, 95% CI 0.059 to 0.232) but not FIB-4. T2DM was significantly associated with FLI (Stβ 0.623, 95% CI 0.552 to 0.694) and FI (Stβ 0.307, 95% CI 0.226 to 0.388) but not FIB-4. SAF was significantly associated with FLI (Stβ 0.083, 95% CI 0.036 to 0.129), FI (Stβ 0.106, 95% CI 0.069 to 0.143) and FIB-4 (Stβ 0.087, 95% CI 0.037 to 0.137).

conclusionThe study showed that adverse GMS and higher glycaemia are positively associated with steatosis. FI, but not FIB-4, was related to adverse GMS concerning fibrosis. This study is the first to demonstrate that SAF is positively associated with steatosis and fibrosis.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucose Tolerance TestNon-alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseasePrediabetic StateAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGlycation End Products, AdvancedHumansLiver CirrhosisMaleMiddle AgedNetherlandsRisk FactorsBlood GlucoseGlycation End Products, AdvancedDIABETES MELLITUSHEPATIC FIBROSISNon-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Identifiers

PMID39615896
PMCPMC11624825

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.