Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39622099›Full record

ArticleComputers in biology and medicine2025

Differences in brain spindle density during sleep between patients with and without type 2 diabetes.

Deryck Yeung, Amlan Talukder, Min Shi, David M Umbach, Yuanyuan Li, Alison Motsinger-Reif, Janice J Hwang, Zheng Fan, Leping Li

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Computers in biology and medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Age-Associated Development of Sleep Disturbances inNature and science of sleep · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Deryck YeungBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Amlan TalukderBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Min ShiBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
David M UmbachBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Yuanyuan LiBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Alison Motsinger-ReifBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Janice J HwangDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Zheng FanDivision of Sleep Medicine and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Leping LiBiostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Electronic address: li3@niehs.nih.gov.

Funding

BioinformaticsZIAES101765 · NIEHS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES · PI LI, LEPING · 2009 to 2025
$21.0M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA ES101765
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSleep spindles may be implicated in sensing and regulation of peripheral glucose. Whether spindle density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) differs from that of healthy subjects is unknown.

methodsOur retrospective analysis of polysomnography (PSG) studies identified 952 patients with T2DM and 952 sex-, age- and BMI-matched control subjects. We extracted spindles from PSG electroencephalograms and used rank-based statistical methods to test for differences between subjects with and without diabetes. We also explored potential modifiers of spindle density differences. We replicated our analysis on independent data from the Sleep Heart Health Study.

resultsWe found that patients with T2DM exhibited about half the spindle density during sleep as matched controls (P < 0.0001). The replication dataset showed similar trends. The patient-minus-control paired difference in spindle density for pairs where the patient had major complications were larger than corresponding paired differences in pairs where the patient lacked major complications, despite both patient groups having significantly lower spindle density compared to their respective control subjects. Patients with a prescription for a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist had significantly higher spindle density than those without one (P ≤ 0.03). Spindle density in patients with T2DM monotonically decreased as their highest recorded HbA1C level increased (P ≤ 0.003).

conclusionsT2DM patients had significantly lower spindle density than control subjects; the size of that difference was correlated with markers of disease severity (complications and glycemic control). These findings expand our understanding of the relationships between sleep and glucose regulation.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2ElectroencephalographyPolysomnographyAdultAgedBrainFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSleepBrainEEGGLP-1RAHemoglobin A1CPolysomnographySpindleT2DM

Identifiers

PMID39622099
PMCPMC11663128

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.