ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2024
Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand fly Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Laboratory and semifield data indicate that vector Culicoides spp. in Florida are susceptible to permethrin.Journal of medical entomology · 2025Article
- Behavioral responses of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to host-derived semiochemicals.Journal of medical entomology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDevelopment of insecticide resistance (IR) in sand fly populations is an issue of public health concern, threatening leishmaniasis mitigation efforts by insecticide-based vector control. There is a major knowledge gap in the IR status of wild populations worldwide, possibly attributed to the unavailability of specialized tools, such as bioassay protocols, species baseline susceptibility to insecticides and molecular markers, to monitor such phenomena in sand flies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsSand fly populations from (semi-)rural regions of Greece, Turkey and Iran were sampled and identified to species, showing populations' structure in accordance with previously reported data. Genotyping of known pyrethroid resistance-associated loci revealed the occurrence of voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutations in all surveyed countries. Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation L1014F was prevalent in Turkish regions and L1014F and L1014S were recorded for the first time in Iran, and in Turkey and Greece, respectively, yet in low frequencies. Moreover, CDC bottle bioassays against pyrethroids in mixed species populations from Greece indicated full susceptibility, using though the mosquito discriminating doses. In parallel, we established a novel individual bioassay protocol and applied it comparatively among distinct Phlebotomus species' populations, to detect any possible divergent species-specific response to insecticides. Indeed, a significantly different knock-down rate between P. simici and P. perfiliewi was observed upon exposure to deltamethrin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: IR in sand flies is increasingly reported in leishmaniasis endemic regions, highlighting the necessity to generate additional monitoring tools, that could be implemented in relevant eco-epidemiological settings, in the context of IR management. Our molecular and phenotypic data add to the IR map in an area with otherwise limited data coverage.
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