ArticleHealth affairs (Project Hope)2024
More US Pharmacies Closed Than Opened In 2018-21; Independent Pharmacies, Those In Black, Latinx Communities Most At Risk.
Article in Health affairs (Project Hope), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Census Block Group Demographics, Mobility Patterns, and Pharmacy Visits.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Pharmacy benefit manager policy and pharmacy stakeholder perceptions of financial pressures and closures.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Insulin Costs and Use by Medicare Beneficiaries After the Inflation Reduction Act Out-of-Pocket Cap.JAMA · 2026Article
- Bulk Prescription Transfers and Access After Chain Pharmacy Closures.JAMA health forum · 2026Article
- Over-the-counter naloxone sales and pricing variability in North Carolina following FDA approval.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Community Pharmacies Face Critical Sustainability Challenges in the United States: Academic Pharmacy Can Help.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Treating Opioid Use Disorder With Methadone in Pharmacies.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Bridging the Gap in Racial/Ethnic Disparities: Perspectives from the 2025 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology High Blood Pressure Guideline.Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Medicaid Expansion and Retail Pharmacy Availability.JAMA health forum · 2026Article
- Pharmacy deserts and health inequities in St. Louis City: a geospatial analysis of access disparities and determinants.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Differences in GLP-1 RA medication adherence across place-based variables in patients with diabetes living in Wisconsin.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Article
- Community Pharmacy Turnover and Context of Openings and Closings by Ownership Type.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- A Silent Health Care Emergency: The Disappearance of North Carolina Community Pharmacies.North Carolina medical journal · 2025Article
- Financial Challenges for Independent Pharmacies and the Cost to Patient Care.North Carolina medical journal · 2025Article
- The cost of misaligned incentives in the pharmaceutical supply chain.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Medicare Part D Preferred Pharmacy Networks And The Risk For Pharmacy Closure, 2014-23.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2025Article
- Reforming Markets to Strengthen Independent Pharmacies.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Availability and cost of naloxone over time: A longitudinal secret shopper study in North Carolina community pharmacies.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
- Characterizing pharmacy deserts and designing a model to minimize inequities in pharmacy distribution in Virginia.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In recent years, federal and state policy makers have expressed concern about retail pharmacy closures throughout the US. However, there is a dearth of timely information on the extent of such closures. We linked data from the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs on all US retail pharmacies to county-level data from the National Center for Health Statistics and ZIP Code Tabulation Area data from the American Community Survey to determine the number and percentage of pharmacy closures during the period 2010-21; identify pharmacy, neighborhood, and market characteristics associated with pharmacy closure; and estimate the risk for closure for independent pharmacies relative to chain pharmacies. We found that of the 88,930 retail pharmacies operating during 2010-20, 29.4 percent had closed by 2021. The risk for closure for pharmacies in predominantly Black and Latinx neighborhoods was higher than in White neighborhoods. Independent pharmacies were at greater risk for closure than chain pharmacies across all neighborhood and market characteristics. Policy makers should consider strategies to increase the participation of independent pharmacies in Medicare and Medicaid preferred networks managed by pharmacy benefit managers and to increase public insurance reimbursement rates for pharmacies that are at the highest risk for closure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.