ArticleHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2025
Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy Is Associated With Loss of Circadian Rhythm in the Male Rat.
Article in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic estrogen supplementation in the aging castrated male rat is not associated with renal injury or activation of the renin angiotensin system.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Feminizing Hormone Therapy in the Male Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat Impairs Accuracy of Estimated Renal Filtration.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender women are individuals born male but identify as female. Many transgender women undergo gender-affirming hormone therapy to alleviate the distress that can occur due to gender incongruence. For transgender women, gender-affirming hormone therapy includes 17β-estradiol (E2) combined with an antiandrogen therapy (AA) or surgical intervention. Numerous studies suggest that the risk of cardiovascular disease is elevated in transgender women; yet, the biological effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on cardiovascular health are unknown. We hypothesize that a shift in the hormonal milieu versus natal sex in the male rat is associated with an increase in blood pressure at baseline and an enhanced responsiveness to a hypertensive challenge.
methodsWe developed clinically relevant models that mimic gender-affirming hormone therapy combination therapies utilized for the endocrine treatment of gender dysphoria in transgender women.
resultsChronic E2 plus castration or the E2+antiandrogen spironolactone was associated with a significant reduction in lean mass and testosterone. At baseline, 24-hour mean arterial pressure did not differ in E2+castration or E2+antiandrogen therapy versus control, but circadian rhythm was disrupted. In response to chronic Ang II (angiotensin II; 200 ng/kg per minute), the Ang II-induced increase in blood pressure was attenuated in E2+castration compared with control, but the blood pressure response to Ang II was similar in E2+antiandrogen therapy versus control.
conclusionsThus, these data indicate that the type of combination therapy utilized may exert differential effects on blood pressure and that disruption of circadian rhythm may be a contributory factor to the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in transgender women exposed to high 17β-estradiol coupled to androgen suppression.
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