ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2025
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease.
Abstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 321 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
321citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
321 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neuroinflammatory markers sTREM2 and YKL-40 in association with Alzheimer's disease pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Choroid plexus volume in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Pooled it
- Dissecting the genetic and proteomic risk factors for delirium.Nature aging · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Practice Recommendations of the Swiss Society for Neuroradiology: Neuroimaging Standards for Enrollment and Disease Monitoring in Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapies.Neuro-degenerative diseases · 2026Guideline
- Association of Alzheimer's disease progression with YKL40 levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- The impact of CSF1R inhibitor-mediated microglial depletion in rodent models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Association between diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbial ammonia as a mediator of PFOS neurotoxicity and its remediation by the flavonoid Icaritin.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Article
- Early amyloid pathology in mice synergistically worsens post-sepsis behavioral impairment and microglial synaptic phagocytosis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic Deletion of Adenosine AGlia · 2026Article
- Oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Molecular Editing Reveals a Bilobalide Chemotype that Attenuates Prolyl Endopeptidase (PREP)-Linked Neuroinflammation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Discovery of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Compounds in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Trends and Future Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- An ApoE-Associated Low-Inflammatory Microglial State Emerges After Inflammatory Challenge in Alzheimer's Disease Mice.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of dementia following encephalitis: a large-scale retrospective cohort study of electronic health records.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Medial temporal ageing-related tau astrogliopathy below 66 years is associated with neurodegeneration.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Epigenetic aging in Alzheimer's disease: Relation to proteome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming of Brain Microglia: Implications for Aging and Aging-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases.Aging cell · 2026Review
261 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
71 authors.
Michael T HenekaLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg. michael.heneka@uni.lu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6224
Wiesje M van der FlierAlzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Frank JessenDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Jeroen HoozemannsDepartment of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dietmar Rudolf ThalDepartment of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1036-1075
Delphine BocheClinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-130X
Frederic BrosseronGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-7516
Charlotte TeunissenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, VUMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-0837
Henrik ZetterbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Andreas H JacobsEuropean Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Paul EdisonDivision of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-2002
Alfredo RamirezDivision of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763X
Carlos CruchagaDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Jean-Charles LambertUniversité de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-7817
Agustin Ruiz LazaACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2495
Jose Vicente Sanchez-MutInstituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Alicante, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-8521
Andre FischerClinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8546-1161
Sergio Castro-GomezCenter for Neurology, Clinic of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-474X
Thor D SteinBoston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Luca KleineidamGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-3309-6856
Michael WagnerDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-6440
Jonas J NeherBiomedical Center Munich, Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
Colm CunninghamSchool of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Sim K SinghraoBrain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
Marco PrinzInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-1955
Christopher K GlassDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Johannes C M SchlachetzkiDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Oleg ButovskyDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Kilian KleemannDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Philip L De JaegerCenter for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8057-2505
Hannah ScheiblichCenter for Neurology, Clinic of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Guy C BrownDeparment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-1730
Gary LandrethSchool of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8808-424X
Miguel MoutinhoSchool of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-9145
Jaime GrutzendlerDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5000-243X
Diego Gomez-NicolaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-2682
Róisín M McManusGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-0302
Katrin AndreassonDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-4155
Christina IsingCluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Response in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-3488
Deniz KarabagCluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Response in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Darren J BakerDepartment of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Shane A LiddelowNeuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-1437
Alexei VerkhratskyFaculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-9898
Malu TanseyCollege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-4708
Alon MonsonegoDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-7865
Ludwig AignerInstitute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-8046
Guillaume DorothéeSorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-3632
Klaus-Armin NaveDepartment of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-9666
Mikael SimonsInstitute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Gabriela ConstantinSection of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-3539
Neta RosenzweigDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Alberto PascualInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-6207
Gabor C PetzoldGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-8641
Jonathan KipnisDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-517X
Carmen VenegasLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg.
Marco ColonnaDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-4987
Jochen WalterCenter of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-2912
Andrea J TennerDepartment of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3000-024X
M Kerry O'BanionDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-3363
Joern R SteinertFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Douglas L FeinsteinDepartment of NeuroAnesthesia, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Magdalena SastreDepartment of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8931-6316
Kiran BhaskarDepartment of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-8106
Soyon HongUK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-4871
Dorothy P SchaferDepartment of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Todd GoldeDepartment of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Richard M RansohoffThird Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-6910
David MorganDepartment of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1224-7476
John BreitnerDepartment of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
Renzo MancusoMicroglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-3348
Sean-Patrick RiechersLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-9174
Funding
Research Education ComponentP30AG086404 · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIS CTR · 2025 to 2025
$4.4MChicAgo Center for Health and EnvironmenT (CACHET)P30ES027792 · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · 2025 to 2025
$1.6MMedical Research Council MR/P024572/1NIA NIH HHS P30 AG086404NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES027792NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS083704
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a pivotal role of immune processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative and dementia-causing disease of our time. Multiple lines of information provided by experimental, epidemiological, neuropathological and genetic studies suggest a pathological role for innate and adaptive immune activation in this disease. Here, we review the cell types and pathological mechanisms involved in disease development as well as the influence of genetics and lifestyle factors. Given the decade-long preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease, these mechanisms and their interactions are driving forces behind the spread and progression of the disease. The identification of treatment opportunities will require a precise understanding of the cells and mechanisms involved as well as a clear definition of their temporal and topographical nature. We will also discuss new therapeutic strategies for targeting neuroinflammation, which are now entering the clinic and showing promise for patients.
Indexed as
Alzheimer DiseaseNeuroinflammatory DiseasesAnimalsHumansImmunity, InnateInflammation
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.