ArticleToxicology reports2024
Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in beer brands from Tanzania market.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trace Element Content in Fingernails of Vietnamese Men with Laryngeal Cancer: Cumulative Exposure Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Nutrients and toxic heavy metals inToxicology reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in the environment, often resulting from industrial activities, mining, and improper waste disposal, leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, water, air, drinks and food. Prolonged exposure to these metals can cause serious health issues in humans, including neurological damage, kidney failure, respiratory problems, and an increased risk of cancer. High levels of heavy metals in food are hazardous to human health. Heavy metals can find their way into beer at different stages, including through raw materials, the brewing process, equipment, bottling, and storage. This study examined the presence of Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Zn in ten of the most consumed beer brands in Tanzania using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the beer samples increased in the order of Zn < Cu < Fe < Cr. Cd and Pb were not detected in any beer samples. Compared to WHO guidelines, the levels of Zn and Cu were below the limit, while Fe and Cr exceeded it. Estimated daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were used to evaluate the potential human health risks. The EDI values of Fe and Zn were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the FAO/WHO. However, the mean EDI for Cr surpassed the recommended value, posing a potential risk for moderate and high beer consumers. The HQ and HI values for Zn and Fe were below 1, signifying no non-carcinogenic health concerns. In contrast, Cr had HQ and HI values greater than 1, indicating a notable non-carcinogenic health risk through beers consumption. ILCR due to Cr ranged from 0.029 to 0.695. These ILCR values for Cr in all beer samples are above range of
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.