Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39657254›Full record

Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025

Ethnic Differences in Characteristics of Women Diagnosed With Early Gestational Diabetes: Findings From the TOBOGM Study.

Lili Yuen, Vincent Wong, Jincy Immanuel, William M Hague, N Wah Cheung, Helena Teede, Emily Hibbert, Christopher J Nolan, Michael Peek, Jeff R Flack and 8 more

Abstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Observational
  4. Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Lili YuenTranslational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-8431-1142
Vincent WongLiverpool Hospital and University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
Jincy ImmanuelSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-2020-4791
William M HagueRobinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-5355-2955
N Wah CheungDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
Helena TeedeMonash Centre for Health Research Implementation, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7609-577X
Emily HibbertNepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1151-2816
Christopher J NolanCanberra Hospital and School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6964-3819
Michael PeekNepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6055-5129
Jeff R FlackSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6691-0558
Mark McLeanDepartment of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia.
Arianne SweetingDepartment of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6843-6247
Alexandra Kautzky-WillerDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.ORCID 0000-0002-3520-4105
Jürgen HarreiterDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.
Emily GianattiDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
Viswanathan MohanMadras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai 600 086, India.ORCID 0000-0001-5038-6210
Helena BackmanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Örebro, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-2691-7525
David SimmonsTranslational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-0560-0761

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council 1104231National Health and Medical Research Council 2009326Region Örebro Research Committee OLL-942177Region Örebro Research Committee OLL-970566South Western Sydney Local Health District Academic UnitWestern Sydney University Ainsworth Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo compare the prevalence and clinical characteristics of early gestational diabetes (eGDM) and associated birth outcomes among women of different ethnic groups.

methodsThis is a secondary analysis of an international, multicenter randomized controlled trial of treating eGDM among pregnant women with GDM risk factors enrolled at < 20 weeks' gestation. GDM diagnosis was made using WHO-2013 criteria. Ethnicity was classified by self-identification. While Europids required at least one risk factor for recruitment, for others, ethnicity itself was a risk factor.

resultsAmong women of Europid (n = 1567), South Asian (SA: n = 971), East and South-East Asian (ESEA: n = 498), Middle Eastern (ME: n = 242), and Māori and Pasifika (MP: n = 174) ethnicities; MP (26.4%) had the highest eGDM crude prevalence compared with Europid (20.3%), SA (24.7%), ESEA (22.3%), and ME (21.1%) (P < .001). Compared with Europid, the highest eGDM adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was seen in SA (2.43 [95% CI 1.9-3.11]) and ESEA (aOR 2.28 [95% CI 1.68-3.08]); in late GDM, SA had the highest prevalence (20.4%: aOR 2.16 [95% CI 1.61-2.9]). Glucose patterns varied between ethnic groups and ESEA were predominantly diagnosed with eGDM through post-glucose load values, while all other ethnic groups were mainly diagnosed on fasting glucose values. There were no differences in the eGDM composite primary outcome or neonatal and pregnancy-related hypertension outcomes between the ethnic groups.

conclusionIn women with risk factors, eGDM was most prevalent in SA and ESEA women, particularly identified by the post-glucose load samples. These findings suggest an early oral glucose tolerance test should particularly be performed in women from these ethnic groups.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalEthnicityAdultFemaleHumansPregnancyPregnancy OutcomePrevalenceRisk FactorsSecondary Data AnalysisYoung Adultearly diagnosisethnic differencesethnicitygestational diabetespregnancy-Associated diabetesscreening

Identifiers

PMID39657254
PMCPMC12261104

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.