ArticleBrain : a journal of neurology2025
Extra-axial inflammatory signal and its relationship to peripheral and central immunity in depression.
Article in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- The relationships between depression, inflammation and self-reported disease activity in IBD and their impact on healthcare usage.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Trial
- Whole-body TSPO-PET reveals stage-dependent disruption of systemic immune organ interactions in glioblastoma.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Towards a Whole-Body Assessment of Pain Using the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) as a Broad-Spectrum Imaging Marker of Inflammation.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Review
- Review
- Cross-Organ Neuroimmunology of Behavior.Annual review of immunology · 2026Review
- The Bone-Brain Axis: Novel Insights into the Bidirectional Crosstalk in Depression and Osteoporosis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Brain-specific immune hub activation in paediatric focal lesional epilepsy: a case-control study.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Psychoinflammation: a conceptual framework for peripheral inflammatory phenotypes in mental health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Inflammatory models of depression in rodents and humans.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Re-Examination of Inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder: Bridging Systemic and Neuroinflammatory Insights.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Peripheral inflammation in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: associations with genetic and clinical manifestations.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Article
- μ-Opioid Receptor Dynamics in the Parameningeal Tissue During Migraine Attacks.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Chronic social defeat stress induces meningeal neutrophilia via type I interferon signaling in male mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vascular Microforamina in Adult Human Braincase: A Survey on Dry Skulls.American journal of biological anthropology · 2025Article
- Evidence for a role of skull bone marrow in human chronic pain as revealed by TSPO PET imaging.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although both central and peripheral inflammation have been observed consistently in depression, the relationship between the two remains obscure. Extra-axial immune cells may play a role in mediating the connection between central and peripheral immunity. This study investigates the potential roles of calvarial bone marrow and parameningeal spaces in mediating interactions between central and peripheral immunity in depression. PET was used to measure regional TSPO expression in the skull and parameninges as a marker of inflammatory activity. This measure was correlated with brain TSPO expression and peripheral cytokine concentrations in a cohort enriched for heightened peripheral and central immunity comprising 51 individuals with depression and 25 healthy controls. The findings reveal a complex relationship between regional skull TSPO expression and both peripheral and central immunity. Facial and parietal skull bone TSPO expression showed significant associations with both peripheral and central immunity. TSPO expression in the confluence of sinuses was also linked to both central and peripheral immune markers. Group-dependent elevations in TSPO expression within the occipital skull bone marrow were also found to be significantly associated with central inflammation. Significant associations between immune activity within the skull, parameninges, parenchyma and periphery highlight the role of the skull bone marrow and venous sinuses as pivotal sites for peripheral and central immune interactions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.