ArticleNature reviews. Neurology2025
Exploring the role of sex hormones and gender diversity in multiple sclerosis.
Article in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex Hormones in Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- An Estrogen-IL-33 Circuit in Aortic Fibroblasts Underlies Sex Differences in Tregs in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Testosterone in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Standardising Gender and Sex Data Collection in Clinical Care and Research.The Medical journal of Australia · 2026Article
- Menopause is a physiological progression event for women with multiple sclerosis: No.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the development, treatment, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Menopause Impact on Multiple Sclerosis Disability Progression.JAMA neurology · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Delayed Diagnosis Associated with Gender and Racial Identity in Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Early identification of individuals at risk for multiple sclerosis by quantification of EBNA-1Nature communications · 2025Article
- Menopause and ageing in women with multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex and sex hormones are thought to influence multiple sclerosis (MS) through effects on inflammation, myelination and neurodegeneration, and exogenous hormones have been explored for their therapeutic potential. However, our understanding of how sex hormones influence MS disease processes and outcomes remains incomplete. Furthermore, our current knowledge is derived primarily from studies that focus exclusively on cisgender populations with exclusion of gender-diverse people. Gender-affirming hormone therapy comprising exogenous sex hormones or sex hormone blocking agents are commonly used by transgender and gender-diverse individuals, and it could influence MS risk and outcomes at various stages of disease. A better understanding of the impact and potential therapeutic effects of both endogenous and exogenous sex hormones in MS is needed to improve care and outcomes for cisgender individuals and, moreover, for gender-diverse populations wherein an evidence base does not exist. In this Perspective, we discuss the effects of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones in MS, including their potential therapeutic benefits, and examine both established sex-based dimorphisms and the potential for gender-diverse dimorphisms. We advocate for future research that includes gender-diverse people to enhance our knowledge of the interplay of sex and sex hormones in MS, leading to the development of more effective and inclusive treatment strategies and improvement of care for all individuals with MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
39658653What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.