Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39673836›Full record

SynthesisPublic health2025

A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.

S J Bauer, B R Spoer, R Ehrman, I Nnodim Opara, H Wei, R S Ellendula, A H Haidar, M Hardeman, P D Levy, S J Korzeniewski

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trajectory of longitudinal lending discrimination modifies the efficacy of a skills-based intervention in stroke survivors.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2026
    Trial
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

S J BauerIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 3939 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. Electronic address: sbauer@wayne.edu.
B R SpoerDepartment of Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Electronic address: Benjamin.Spoer2@nyulangone.org.
R EhrmanIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. Electronic address: rehrman@med.wayne.edu.
I Nnodim OparaIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. Electronic address: innodim@med.wayne.edu.
H WeiDepartment of Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Electronic address: Hanxue.Wei@nyulangone.org.
R S EllendulaIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. Electronic address: ellendulari@northvilleschools.net.
A H HaidarIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. Electronic address: he3398@wayne.edu.
M HardemanIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. Electronic address: mhardema@med.wayne.edu.
P D LevyIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. Electronic address: plevy@med.wayne.edu.
S J KorzeniewskiIntegrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. Electronic address: skorzeni@med.wayne.edu.

Funding

ACHIEVE P3 - CHDP50MD017351 · NIMHD · WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY · PI LEVY, PHILLIP DAVID · 2021 to 2025
$21.1M
Translational Research Support CoreP30ES036084 · NIEHS · WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Thomas A Kocarek · 2024 to 2026
$5.2M
NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES036084NIMHD NIH HHS P50 MD017351
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesHistoric redlining grades that were assigned to US neighborhoods based largely on minority race or ethnicity by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s have been linked with adverse health outcomes among neighborhood residents. This review aimed to summarize the quantitative evidence, so we could determine if any findings are replicated and otherwise identify research gaps. STUDY

designSystematic review.

methodsWe conducted a systematic review by searching the PubMed® MEDLINE database for observational studies that reported on health outcomes among people who resided in neighborhoods that were assigned HOLC grades. We assessed quality by allocating points based on whether studies reported the sample size or count of people affected by outcomes (yes = 1 point, no = 2 points), and whether unadjusted magnitudes of association were reported alongside adjusted estimates (yes = 1 point, no = 2 points). The sum score was used to classify each study as high (2 points), average (3 points) or low quality (4 points).

resultsAmong the 89 articles identified, 32 met inclusion criteria; 15 were deemed high-quality. The most frequently studied health conditions in order of descending frequency were: i) injury or violence (n = 8), ii) cancer (n = 7), iii) cardiometabolic (n = 6), iv) perinatal (n = 5), v) asthma (n = 2).

conclusionPeople who lived in areas with less desirable HOLC grades tended to suffer higher than expected rates of injury or violence, asthma, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and some cardiometabolic disorders; associations with cancer were mostly null. Methodological differences limited opportunities for direct comparison across studies, and there was significant heterogeneity among the few estimates that were generally comparable. While robust data are lacking, the limited existing evidence supports a possible association between historically redlined areas and heightened risk of adverse health outcomes. Why this association may exist remains unknown.

Indexed as

Neighborhood CharacteristicsResidence CharacteristicsUrban RenewalHumansUnited States

Identifiers

PMID39673836
PMCPMC11741925

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.