ArticlePNAS nexus2024
Modulation of antigen delivery and lymph node activation in nonhuman primates by saponin adjuvant saponin/monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle.
Article in PNAS nexus, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adjuvant choice shapes macrophage activation and cytokine responses to freeze-thaw breast cancer antigens.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Advances in molecular innate immune regulation in the development and therapeutic strategies of allergic rhinitis vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Bivalent virus-like particles expressing SPECT1 and CSP trigger pre-erythrocytic malaria immunity and protect against transgenicFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- ALFQ adjuvanted HIV-1 envelope protein vaccination elicits durable functional antibody and cellular responses in nonhuman primates.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Bridging pDCs and cDCs: The Identity of Transitional Dendritic Cells.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Scale-up and cGMP manufacturing of next-generation vaccine adjuvant saponin/MPLA nanoParticles (SMNP).Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Vaccines combining slow release and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell diversity and clonal expansion.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Harnessing Thalassochemicals: Marine Saponins as Bioactive Agents in Nutraceuticals and Food Technologies.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Article
- Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function.Science immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Saponin-based vaccine adjuvants are potent in preclinical animal models and humans, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, using a stabilized HIV envelope trimer immunogen, we carried out studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) comparing the most common clinical adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (alum) with saponin/monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticles (SMNP), an immune-stimulating complex-like adjuvant. SMNP elicited substantially stronger humoral immune responses than alum, including 7-fold higher peak antigen-specific germinal center B-cell responses, 18-fold higher autologous neutralizing antibody titers, and higher levels of antigen-specific plasma and memory B cells. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging in live NHPs showed that, unlike alum, SMNP promoted rapid antigen accumulation in both proximal and distal lymph nodes (LNs). SMNP also induced strong type I interferon transcriptional signatures, expansion of innate immune cells, and increased antigen-presenting cell activation in LNs. These findings indicate that SMNP promotes multiple facets of the early immune response relevant for enhanced immunity to vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.