SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Indoxyl Sulfate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review.
Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeted Restoration of the Microbial Tryptophan Oxidative Pathway Ameliorates Autism-Like Behavioral and Synaptic Deficits.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Elevated microbially-derived metabolites in autism: a possible diagnostic screening test for a distinct ASD phenotype.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Urinary Tryptophan Metabolites, Trace Element Status, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Integrated Metabolomics-Elementomics Study in Children.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2026Article
- Urinary indoxyl sulfate in children: age-related decline and its association with Bacteroidota in the gut microbiota.Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2026Article
- Elevated Microbially-Derived Metabolites in Autism: A Possible Diagnostic Screening Test for a Distinct ASD Phenotype.Research square · 2025Article
- Systemic Uremic Toxin Burden in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Stratified Urinary Metabolite Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review of Elevated Para-Cresol in Autism and Possible Impact on Symptoms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Luteolin mitigates oxidative stress and multi-organ impairment in a propionic acid-induced rodent model of autism.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate-a bacterially derived metabolite-has been identified as a toxin that is elevated in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As a neurotoxin, uremic toxin, nephrotoxin, cardiotoxin, osteotoxin, and myotoxin, indoxyl sulfate has been associated with several other conditions, including chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, Parkinson's disease, cognitive disorders, and mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from bacterial modification of host tryptophan, and elevated levels of indoxyl sulfate are associated with decreased levels of important neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. This article will review what is currently known about indoxyl sulfate in relation to ASD and its comorbidities. A systematic review identified six studies of levels of indoxyl sulfate in children with ASD. All six studies found that indoxyl sulfate was significantly elevated in the urine of children with ASD compared to typically developing children. Through this review, indoxyl sulfate was identified as a toxic microbially derived metabolite that is significantly increased in a subset of children with ASD and may contribute to both core and co-morbid ASD symptoms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.