ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate, Monomethyl Fumarate, and Cannabidiol in Neurons and Microglia.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vitamin D Promotes Neuronal Survival via Nrf2 Upregulation in D-Galactose-Induced Mice: An In-Vivo and In-Silico Study.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Nrf2 Activators in Parkinson's Disease: Modulating Mitophagy and Regulating Cuproptosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Exercise-Driven NRF2 Activation as a Systemic Neuroprotective Strategy: Integrating Redox Biology, Muscle-Brain Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegeneration.Biochemical genetics · 2026Review
- Kynurenine Pathway, Nrf2 and NF-κB Cross-Regulation in the CNS: An Overview.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Physicochemical and Functional Characterization ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metallothioneins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Metal Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Potential.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- The Redox Revolution in Brain Medicine: Targeting Oxidative Stress with AI, Multi-Omics and Mitochondrial Therapies for the Precision Eradication of Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- An Experimental Rat Model for Simultaneous Induction of Peripheral Neuropathy and Myelotoxicity by Docetaxel Administration: Evaluating the Protective Role of Dimethyl Fumarate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Redox Imbalance in Inflammation: The Interplay of Oxidative and Reductive Stress.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Highly Potent Apomorphine Derivative Enhancing Neurite Outgrowth via Nrf2 Activation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) that can cross the blood-brain barrier, presenting neuroprotective potential. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and there is a need to characterize whether DMF or its bioactive metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) exerts neuroprotective properties. Moreover, the combination of adjuvant agents such as cannabidiol (CBD) could be relevant to enhance neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to compare the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of DMF, MMF, and CBD in neurons and microglia in vitro. We found that DMF and CBD, but not MMF, activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in neurons. Similarly, only DMF and CBD, but not MMF, prevented the LPS-induced activation of the inflammatory pathway NF-kB in microglia. Additionally, the three drugs inhibited the production of nitric oxide in microglia and protected neurons against apoptosis. Transcriptomically, DMF modulated a greater number of inflammatory and Nrf2-related genes compared to MMF and CBD in both neurons and microglia. Our results show that DMF and MMF, despite being structurally related, present differences in their mechanisms of action that could be relevant for the achievement of neuroprotection in MS patients. Additionally, CBD shows potential as a neuroprotective agent.
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Registered trials
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