Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39688375›Full record

ArticleMedical physics2025

A 2D detector array for relative dosimetry and beam steering for FLASH radiotherapy with electrons.

Andreas A Schönfeld, Jeff Hildreth, Alexandra Bourgouin, Veronika Flatten, Jakub Kozelka, William Simon, Andreas Schüller

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Medical physics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Andreas A SchönfeldResearch and Development, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida, USA.
Jeff HildrethResearch and Development, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida, USA.
Alexandra BourgouinDosimetry for Radiotherapy, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.
Veronika FlattenResearch and Development, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida, USA.
Jakub KozelkaResearch and Development, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida, USA.
William SimonResearch and Development, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida, USA.
Andreas SchüllerDosimetry for Radiotherapy, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.

Funding

EMPIR programEuropean Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programParticipating States
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFLASH radiotherapy is an emerging treatment modality using ultra-high dose rate beams. Much effort has been made to develop suitable dosimeters for reference dosimetry, yet the spatial beam characteristics must also be characterized to enable computerized treatment planning, as well as quality control and service of a treatment delivery device. In conventional radiation therapy, this is commonly achieved by beam profile scans in a water phantom using a point detector. In ultra-high dose rate beams, the delivered dose needed for a set of beam profile scans may exceed the regulatory dose limit specified for a typical treatment room, or degrade components of the scanning system and scanning detector. Point detector scans also cannot quantify the pulse-to-pulse stability of a beam profile. Detector arrays can overcome these challenges, but to date, no detector arrays suitable for ultra-high dose rate beams are commercially available. PURPOSE: The study presents the development and characterization of a two-dimensional detector array for measuring pulse-resolved spatial fluence distributions in real-time and temporal structure of intra-pulse dose rate of ultra-high pulsed dose rate (UHPDR) electron beams used in FLASH radiotherapy.

methodsThe performance of the SunPoint 1 diode was evaluated by measuring the response of the EDGE Detector in a 20 MeV UHPDR electron beam with a dose per pulse of 0.04 Gy - 6 Gy at a pulse duration of 1 µs or 1.9 µs, and instantaneous dose rates of 0.040 - 3.2 MGy·s

resultsThe FLASH Profiler exhibited a linear response within ± 3% deviation over the investigated dose per pulse range. The FLASH Profiler array showed good agreement with the absolute dose measured using a flashDiamond point detector and an integrating current transformer for dose-per-pulse values of up to 6 Gy. The FLASH Profiler was able to measure lateral beam profiles in real-time and on a single-pulse basis. The ability to capture and display the profiles during steering of UHPDR beams was demonstrated. The SunPoint 1 diode was able to measure the pulse duration and the intra-pulse dose rate with a time resolution of 4 ns.

conclusionThe FLASH Profiler could be used for characterizing UHPDR electron beams and facilitating quality control and beam steering service of electron FLASH irradiators.

Indexed as

ElectronsRadiometryRadiotherapyPhantoms, ImagingRadiotherapy DosagedosimetryFLASHquality assurance

Identifiers

PMID39688375
PMCPMC11880641

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.