ArticleMedical microbiology and immunology2024
Deciphering long-term immune effects of HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: a longitudinal study.
Article in Medical microbiology and immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionWhile the general immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well-understood, the long-term effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2) co-infection on the immune system remain unclear. This study investigates the immune response in people with HIV-1 (PWH) co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 to understand its long-term health consequences.
methodsA retrospective longitudinal study of PWH with suppressed viral load and SARS-CoV-2 infection was conducted. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples were collected at three time-points: HIV-1/pre-SARS-CoV-2 (n = 18), HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 (n = 46), and HIV-1/post-SARS-CoV-2 (n = 36). Plasma levels of 25 soluble cytokines and chemokines, and anti-S/anti-N-IgG-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured. Immunophenotyping of innate and adaptive immune components and HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2-specific T/B-cell responses were assessed by flow cytometry.
resultsHIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection was associated with long-lasting immune dysfunction, characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the MIG-IP10-ITAC chemokine axis at the HIV/SARS-CoV-2 time-point, which persisted one year later. Additionally, alterations in the distribution of subsets and increased activation (NKG2D/NKG2C) and maturation (TIM3) markers of NK and dendritic cells were observed at the HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 time-point, persisting throughout the study. Effector memory CD4 T-cell subsets were decreased, while exhaustion/senescence (PD1/TIM3/CD57) markers were elevated at all three time-points. SARS-CoV-2-specific T/B-cell responses remained stable throughout the study, while HIV-1-specific T-cell responses decreased at the HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 time-point and remained so.
conclusionsPersistent immune dysfunction in HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection increases the risk of future complications, even in PWH with mild symptoms. Exacerbated inflammation and alterations in immune cells may contribute to reduce vaccine efficacy and potential reinfections.
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