ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2024
Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effectiveness ofPsychological medicine · 2026Trial
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- Insomnia in medical students during an examination period: associations with depression, dysfunctional sleep beliefs, and academic performance.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Burden of Insomnia Among Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.Interactive journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake, Anxiety, and Depression Among University Students in the UK: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Working conditions and mental health of employees suffering from common mental disorders in Germany with special consideration to the migration generation.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Racial Discrimination and University Students' Mental Health: a Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Psychometric Validation of the Kazakh Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Assessing Camouflaging in Adolescence: Psychometric Evaluation of the German Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q/DE).Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gaming disorder: Prevalence and association with psychosocial outcomes in the German general adult population.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- International Depression Questionnaire and International Anxiety Questionnaire: validation of brief ICD-11 measures for depression and generalised anxiety disorder.BMJ mental health · 2026Observational
- Psychosocial burden of cardiac patients: a retrospective in-patient analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Article
- Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 based on a representative German sample.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psychometric properties and population norms of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) based on a representative German sample.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Vocational factors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in middle-aged and older adults: longitudinal evidence from a population-based cohort.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Physical activity and depressive symptoms among college students: positive mental health as a mediator.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Construction and validation of the ultra-short version of the Parenting Scale (PS-4).Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Depression and anxiety symptoms in internally migrated women and men after the German unification: Baseline results from the German National Cohort Study (NAKO).Journal of migration and health · 2026Article
- Potentially traumatic life events and mental health conditions. Identifying the role of resilience in a cross-sectional study from Northwestern Germany.International journal of public health · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a popular tool for assessing depressive symptoms in both general and clinical populations. The present study used a large representative sample of the German adult population to confirm desired psychometric functioning and to provide updated population norms. Methods: The following psychometric properties were assessed: (i) Item characteristics (item means, standard deviations and inter-item correlations), (ii) Construct validity (correlations of the PHQ-9 sum-score with scores obtained from instruments assessing depression, anxiety and somatization (GAD-7, BSI-18), (iii) Internal consistency (coefficient omega), (iv) Factorial validity (via confirmatory factor analysis of the assumed one factorial model) as well as (v) Measurement invariance (via multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across gender, age, income and education). Results: The study found that the PHQ-9 had sound psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and construct validity, and that measurements obtained with the tool could be compared across gender and age. Limitations: Despite using a representative sample, the response rate was only 42.6%. Furthermore, diagnostic efficiency cannot be assessed as there were no clinical interviews conducted. Conclusion: The updated population based norms, which are presented for the total sample as well as separated by gender and various age-groups, provide a useful reference for clinical practice and epidemiological research.
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