SynthesisJournal of diabetes investigation2025
Smoking and diabetic nephropathy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Common genetic variants in dyslipidemia, inflammation, and angiogenesis pathways associated with diabetic nephropathy in Tunisians.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Mitochondria-associated programmed cell death in pancreatic β cell of T2DM.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and subsequent renal function decline in older adults with type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Relationship Between the TyGH Index (Based on Triglycerides and HbA1c) and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSeveral studies have reported the potential association between smoking and diabetic nephropathy. However, the studies of non-significant association results were against the association between smoking and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the relationship between smoking and diabetic nephropathy was still debated and controversial.
methodsProspective cohort studies were included in the current meta-analysis. The tobacco smoking (current smokers or former smokers) and non-smoking groups in the enrolled studies were compared for the hazard ratio (HR) of diabetic nephropathy. Fifteen studies with 221,821 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis of the type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes groups was also performed individually to investigate the effects of different types of diabetes on the relationship between smoking and diabetic nephropathy.
resultsCurrent smoking was significantly associated with a greater log HR of diabetic nephropathy [1.44 (1.22-1.70), Z = 4.39]. In addition, former smoking was significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy [log HR = 1.04 (1.03-1.05), Z = 8.02]. The individual subgroup analysis of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes subjects showed that smoking might be both significantly associated with greater log HRs of diabetic nephropathy. DISCUSSION: Current and former smoking might be the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in the current meta-analytic results. The phenomenon of such significant associations were discovered in type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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