Evidence mapPaperPMID 39732398Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025

Effect of medium-chain triglycerides and whey protein isolate preloads on glycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover study.

Pardeep Pabla, Joanne Mallinson, Aline Nixon, Mia Keeton, Scott Cooper, Melanie Marshall, Matthew Jacques, Sara Brown, Odd Erik Johansen, Bernard Cuenoud and 2 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04905589 (Effect of Combined Intake of Medium Chain Triglycerides), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04905589 nacompletednot on this map

Effect of Combined Intake of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) At Breakfast and Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) Preload At Lunch and Dinner on Diurnal Glucose and Satiety

TypeinterventionalSponsorSociété des Produits Nestlé (SPN)Ran2021 to 2022Enrolled22ConditionsType 2 DiabetesArmsBetaQuik™, WheyBasics, Iso-voluminous water
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Pardeep PablaMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Joanne MallinsonMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Aline NixonMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Mia KeetonMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Scott CooperMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Melanie MarshallMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Matthew JacquesMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Sara BrownMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Odd Erik JohansenNestlé Health Science, Vevey, Switzerland.
Bernard CuenoudNestlé Health Science, Vevey, Switzerland.
Leonidas G KaragounisNestlé Health Science, Vevey, Switzerland; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Kostas TsintzasMRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tsintzas@nottingham.ac.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSmall nutritional preloads can reduce postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, most studies have focused on preloads administered before single meals and have predominantly used protein-based preloads.

objectivesTo investigate the effects of sequential consumption of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and whey protein isolate (WPI) preloads before breakfast, lunch, and dinner on postprandial, diurnal, and 24-h glycaemia in individuals with T2D.

methodsParticipants with T2D were studied over 3 randomized 24-h periods. They consumed either water before standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner (CONTROL), 15 g MCT before breakfast and water before lunch and dinner (MCT), or 15 g MCT before breakfast and 10 g WPI before lunch and dinner (MCT + WPI). Diurnal (08:00-23:00 h) and 24 h (08:00-08:00 h) glycaemia (incremental AUC [iAUC]) and glycaemic variability (%coefficient of variation [%CV]) were evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring. Postprandial glycaemia (PPG) after breakfast and lunch was assessed by arterialized blood glucose iAUC.

resultsIn 21 enrolled patients (8 males/13 females, mean ± standard deviation age 55.1 ± 8.5 y, body mass index 31.7 ± 4.3 kg·m

conclusionsSequential consumption of MCT and WPI preloads did not affect diurnal or 24-h glycaemia but lowered PPG and 24-h glycaemic variability in individuals with T2D. These effects were associated with increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate, PYY, and GIP, and suppression of appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04905589 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04905589).

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2TriglyceridesWhey ProteinsAdultAgedBreakfastCross-Over StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMealsMiddle AgedPostprandial PeriodBlood GlucoseTriglyceridesWhey Proteinsappetiteglycaemiamedium-chain triglyceridesnutritional preloadstype 2 diabeteswhey protein

Identifiers

PMID39732398
PMCPMC11863336

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.