Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39733791›Full record

ArticleKidney international2025

Resazurin dye is an in vivo sensor of kidney tubular function.

Shirely Acosta Martinez, Isaac Z Karel, Josie A Silvaroli, Eman Ahmed, Ji Young Kim, Amanda Stayton, Prisha S Patel, Mohammad Amir Afjal, Thomas Horton, Margaret Bohmer and 26 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Kidney international, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Are noninvasive measurements of nephron number achievable in humans?Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

36 authors.

Shirely Acosta MartinezDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Isaac Z KarelDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Josie A SilvaroliDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Eman AhmedDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Ji Young KimDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Amanda StaytonTransplant Research Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Prisha S PatelTransplant Research Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Mohammad Amir AfjalTransplant Research Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Thomas HortonTransplant Research Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Margaret BohmerDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Thitinee VanichapolDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Veronika SanderDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Gabriel Mayoral AndradeDivision of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Corynne Vermillion AllisonDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Milon MondalDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Victoria C ThorsonDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Alexandra ParteyDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Kartik NimkarDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Victoria WilliamsDivision of Clinical Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Jessica QuimbyDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Latha GanesanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Sethu M MadhavanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Alan J DavidsonDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Blake R PetersonDivision of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Adebowale AdebiyiDepartment of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
Reena RaoThe Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
Douglas H SweetDepartment of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Prabhleen SinghDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Kevin M BennettWashington University in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Diana Zepeda-OrozcoDivision of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Sandeep K MallipattuDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Renal Section, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
Eric D EisenmannDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Alex SparreboomDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Brad H RovinDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Amandeep BajwaTransplant Research Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Electronic address: abajwa@uthsc.edu.
Navjot S PablaDivision of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: pabla.2@osu.edu.

Funding

WU P&FP30DK020579 · NIDDK · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Clay F. Semenkovich · 2013 to 2026
$27.1M
Off target mechanisms of kinase inhibitor toxicitiesR01DK132230 · NIDDK · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI BAJWA, AMANDEEP, PABLA, NAVJOT · 2022 to 2025
$2.0M
Mitochondrial Therapy for Kidney InjuryR01DK117183 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCI CTR · PI BAJWA, AMANDEEP · 2018 to 2022
$1.7M
Renal Oxygenation and Mitochondrial Function in AKIR01DK107852 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SINGH, PRABHLEEN · 2016 to 2020
$1.7M
The role of transcriptional corepressor CtBP2 as a metabolic sensor in acute kidney injuryR56DK140315 · NIDDK · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI KIM, JIYOUNG · 2024 to 2024
$200k
BLRD VA I01 BX002175NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020579NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK107852NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK117183NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK132230NIDDK NIH HHS R56 DK140315
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the main functional index of kidney health and disease. Currently, no methods are available to directly measure tubular mass and function. Here, we report a serendipitous finding that the in vitro cell viability dye resazurin can be used in mice as an exogenous sensor of tubular function. Intravenously injected resazurin exhibited significant plasma protein binding and was found to mainly undergo tubular secretion. Mechanistic studies showed that the blue-colored, weakly fluorescent resazurin is taken up by tubular cells through organic anion transporters, followed by conversion to a highly fluorescent, pink-colored resorufin by mitochondrial and cytosolic reductases, converted to an orange-colored β-d-glucuronide with subsequent efflux into the urine. Here we report a simple method in which the intravenous injection of resazurin is followed by the measurement of fluorescent metabolites in the urine, providing a sensitive readout of tubular function. Three mouse models of acute kidney injury (rhabdomyolysis, bilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cisplatin nephrotoxicity) were tested and the resazurin-based method was able to sensitively detect the loss of tubular function much earlier than the increase in serum creatinine levels. Strikingly, in mice with unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury and genetic mutation-linked kidney hypoplasia (oligosyndactylism, a genetic model for congenital kidney hypoplasia), the resazurin-based method was able to detect loss of tubular mass and function despite normal GFR levels. Collectively, our findings establish the preclinical utility of resazurin as a sensitive exogenous marker of tubular function and support future examination in larger animals for potential clinical translation.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesKidney Function TestsKidney TubulesOxazinesAcute Kidney InjuryAnimalsCreatinineEarly DiagnosisFluorescenceGene Knockout TechniquesInjections, IntravenousMiceMice, Inbred C57BLOrganic Anion Transport Protein 1RhabdomyolysisXanthenesCreatinineOrganic Anion Transport Protein 1OxazinesresazurinresorufinXanthenesacute kidney injuryglomerular filtration raterenal tubular epithelial cellsrhabdomyolysis

Identifiers

PMID39733791
PMCPMC11845305

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.