ArticleVaccine: X2025
Innate immune response after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination associates with reactogenicity.
Article in Vaccine: X, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cytokines Associated With Moderate and Severe Adverse Events During a Sporozoite Malaria Vaccine Trial With Controlled Human Malaria Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Short-term safety and reactogenicity of same-day COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in very old, community-dwelling adults.European geriatric medicine · 2026Observational
- A Rabies Virus Nucleocapsid-like Nanostructure Vaccine Based on Dual-Cationic Lipid Nanoparticles.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The innate immune response is important for the development of the specific adaptive immunity, however it may also be associated with reactogenicity after vaccination. We explore the association between innate responsiveness, reactogenicity, and antibody response after first COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: We included 146 healthy Dutch individuals aged 12-59 who received their first BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer) COVID-19 vaccination. Data on reactogenicity were collected for each individual through daily questionnaires from day 0-5 after vaccination. From 60 participants, serum (adults) and plasma (adolescents) samples were collected before and/or 2 ± 1 days after vaccination to measure cytokines/chemokines as markers for innate responsiveness. Each individual was categorised into innate low, intermediate and high responder based on above or below the median value for each analyte detected after vaccination. For 137 participants, serum was collected at day 28 after vaccination for Spike S1- and RBD-antibody concentration. The associations between reactogenicity and/or innate responsiveness and/or log-transformed antibody concentration were explored using logistic and linear regressions. Results: Most participants (85 %) reported both local and systemic symptoms after vaccination. Two participants reported no symptoms. More than half (54 %) reported one or more moderate symptoms. Significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNγ and CCL20 in adults, and CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in adolescents, were found after vaccination. Participants who showed high innate immune responsiveness had higher odds (OR 6.0; 95 % CI 1.4-33) of experiencing one or more moderate symptoms. No association was found between innate responsiveness or having one or more moderate symptoms with Spike S1- or RBD-antibody concentration at day 28 after vaccination. Conclusion: Our results suggest an association between the strength of the innate immune response and the severity of reactogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. However, more research is needed to understand the relation between reactogenicity and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Registered trials
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