Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39752323›Full record

ReviewChemMedChem2025

Beyond the Toll-Like Receptor 4. Structure-Dependent Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Systems: How far are we?

Stefania De Chiara, Luca De Simone Carone, Roberta Cirella, Emanuela Andretta, Alba Silipo, Antonio Molinaro, Marcello Mercogliano, Flaviana Di Lorenzo

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in ChemMedChem, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Chemical science · 2026
    Article
  9. Review
  10. Structure matters: commensalFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Stefania De ChiaraDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Luca De Simone CaroneDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Roberta CirellaDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Emanuela AndrettaDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Alba SilipoDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Antonio MolinaroDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Marcello MercoglianoDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Flaviana Di LorenzoDepartment of chemical sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.

Funding

European Research Council (ERC) 101039841Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International CooperationMinistry of Education, Universities and Research 2022SHW3KYMinistry of Education, Universities and Research P202293ZMC
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With an enormous potential in immunology and vaccinology, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are among the most extensively studied bacteria-derived molecules. LPS centered studies are countless, and their results reverberate in all areas of the life sciences, including chemistry, biology, genetics, biophysics, and medicine. Most of these research activities are focused on the LPS-induced immune response activation by means of Myeloid Differentiation protein-2/Toll Like Receptor 4 (MD-2/TLR4) complex, which currently is the most largely explored LPS sensing pathway. However, the enormous structural variability of LPS allows interactions with numerous other receptors involved in a wide range of equally important immunological scenarios. In this review, we explore these additional LPS recognition systems, which operate within interconnected signaling cascades, highlighting their role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and their involvement in the development of severe human diseases. Understanding these pathways, their interconnections, and the crosstalk between them and TLR4/MD-2 is essential for guiding the development of pharmacologically active molecules that could specifically modulate the inflammatory response, paving the way to new strategies for combating immune-mediated diseases and resistant infections.

Indexed as

LipopolysaccharidesToll-Like Receptor 4AnimalsHumansLymphocyte Antigen 96Molecular StructureSignal TransductionLipopolysaccharidesLY96 protein, humanLymphocyte Antigen 96TLR4 protein, humanToll-Like Receptor 4ImmunologyInnate ImmunityLipopolysaccharideMedicinal chemistryStructure-activity relationships

Identifiers

PMID39752323
PMCPMC11911305

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.