ArticleScientific reports2025
Preclinical evaluation of DC-CIK cells as potentially effective immunotherapy model for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- LAK to CIK continuum in glioma immunotherapy: a systematic review of efficacy and safety outcomes.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Harnessing human tumor organoids for cancer modeling and precision therapy.Protein & cell · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance and Recent Advances in Glioblastoma Treatment.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Clinical application of cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Crosstalk in the brain tumor microenvironment: mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical advances.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Advancing CIK cell immunotherapy: highlights from the second international conference on DC-CIK and CAR-CIK approaches.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Dendritic Cells: Origin, Classification, Development, Biological Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.MedComm · 2025Review
- Tumor organoid-immune co-culture models: exploring a new perspective of tumor immunity.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Flow cytometry protocol for cell death analysis in glioblastoma organoids: A technical note.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the favorable effects of immunotherapies in multiple types of cancers, its complete success in CNS malignancies remains challenging. Recently, a successful clinical trial of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) has opened a new avenue for adoptive cellular immunotherapies in CNS malignancies. Prompt from these findings, herein, we investigated whether dendritic cells (DC) in combination with cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) could also provide an alternative and more effective way to improve the efficacy of GBM treatment. The analysis showed that DC-CIK cells exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on the glioblastoma cell lines, especially with the phenotype of stem-like cells (GSCs). In addition, the increased specific lysis of these cells subsequent to DC-CIK co-culture was confirmed with confocal fluorescence microscope. The direct interactions between tumor and effector cells were found to be highly effective in GBM organoids (GBOs). Moreover, a significant increase in apoptosis and elevated levels of IFN-γ (and not TNF-α) secretion were observed as a targeting mechanism of DC-CIK cells against GBM cell models. Overall, we provide important preliminary evidence that DC-CIK cells may have potential in the treatment of CNS malignancies, particularly glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.