ArticleBMC anesthesiology2025
Association of serum chloride levels with all-cause mortality among patients in surgical intensive care units: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database.
Article in BMC anesthesiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model using routine laboratory biomarkers to stratify severe pneumonia risk in young children.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- L-shaped association between serum chloride levels with 30-day and 365-day all-cause mortality in septic patients with liver cirrhosis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Chloremia Disturbances in Critical Care: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Impact and Management Strategies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Association between sodium-chloride difference at ICU admission and 30-day mortality: a retrospective cohort study of critically ill adults.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study explores the association between serum chloride concentrations and all-cause mortality among patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). Employing a retrospective cohort design, the study utilized data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, specifically focusing on individuals admitted to the surgical/trauma ICUs. This dataset encompassed demographic profiles, laboratory findings, historical medical data, vital statistics, and variables pertinent to prognosis. Participants were divided into four groups based on their serum chloride concentrations. The primary outcomes assessed were mortality rates at 30, 90, and 180 days post-admission to the ICU. Analytical methods included Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazards regression models, and Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) analyses to delineate the relationship between serum chloride concentrations and patient outcomes. The study cohort comprised 10,996 patients, with observed mortality rates of 12.78% at 30 days, 17.14% at 90 days, and 20.32% at 180 days. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed significant disparities in survival rates across the quartiles of serum chloride during the follow-up intervals (p < 0.001). The results from the multivariable Cox regression suggested a substantial inverse association between high serum chloride levels and decreased mortality at 30 days (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96; 95%confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-0.97; P < 0.001), 90 days (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.98; P < 0.001), and 180 days (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.98; P < 0.001). Particularly, patients in the highest quartile of serum chloride faced significantly lower mortality risks compared to those in the lowest quartile (30 days HR = 0.65, 90 days HR = 0.71, 180 days HR = 0.69, P < 0.001). RCS analysis depicted an L-shaped curve demonstrating the dynamics between serum chloride concentrations and the risk of all-cause mortality across the 30-day, 90-day, and 180-day periods.Starting at a concentration of 104 mmol/L, a decrease in serum chloride levels was associated with an increased risk of mortality.These findings elucidate a marked nonlinear association between serum chloride levels and all-cause mortality in SICU patients, enhancing our comprehension of serum chloride's impact on clinical outcomes in this setting.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.