Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39754331›Full record

SynthesisMusculoskeletal care2025

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Pain Management in Musculoskeletal Disorders Across Anatomical Regions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

M Zitti, M Regazzetti, S Federico, B Cieslik, L Cacciante, F Maselli, L Storari, A Ricci, G Pregnolato, P Kiper

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Musculoskeletal care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

M ZittiIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.ORCID 0009-0002-8673-9123
M RegazzettiLaboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technologies, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
S FedericoLaboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technologies, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
B CieslikLaboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technologies, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
L CaccianteLaboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technologies, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
F MaselliUniversity of Rome «La Sapienza», Rome, Italy.
L StorariUniversity of Rome «La Sapienza», Rome, Italy.
A RicciUniversity Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia.
G PregnolatoUniversity Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia.
P KiperLaboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technologies, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe use of virtual reality (VR) in physiotherapy is expanding across various fields; however, while extensively researched in neurology, its application in musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders remains underexplored. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in pain management across different anatomical regions. MATERIALS AND

methodsThe research was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases, including randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of VR interventions, encompassing immersive VR, specialised non-immersive VR, and gaming platforms. The primary outcomes focused on pain reduction. Data were extracted from the included studies, and methodological quality was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2). A meta-analysis was conducted using both fixed- and random-effects models to synthesise the findings.

resultsFrom 1265 records, 27 articles met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 1191 participants. Of these, 20 studies contributed data to the meta-analyses. Significant findings were observed for pain relief in the knee region (SMD = - 0.33; 95% CI: - 0.55 to - 0.10; I

conclusionsVR shows potential for managing pain in MSK disorders, particularly knee conditions, with significant effectiveness using specialised non-immersive VR. However, high heterogeneity across other regions limits broader recommendations.

Indexed as

Musculoskeletal DiseasesPain ManagementVirtual Reality Exposure TherapyHumansanatomical regionsorthopaedicspainquality of liferehabilitationvirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID39754331
PMCPMC11699224

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.