ArticleNature medicine2025
Burdens of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages in 184 countries.
Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Nutritional Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the European Union: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Intensification, Beverage Affordability, and Food-Security Safeguards: Global Evidence from 2022-2024.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Real-World Evidence of the Effectiveness and Safety of Biosynthetic Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicentre Study From Pakistan.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- The Potential Physiologic Mechanisms by Which Early-Life Nutrition May Influence Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology in Humans.Annual review of nutrition · 2026Review
- Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease in Asia From 1990 to 2023: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Caries Among Women of Childbearing Age From 1990 to 2021 and Prediction.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Texas strength through resilience in diabetes education (TX STRIDE): Protocol for a non-randomized cluster-controlled trial among African American adults with type 2 diabetes.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetable juices and cancer risk: a World Cancer Research Fund International Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Steviol Glycosides (E960) FromFood science & nutrition · 2026Review
- More than Entertainment: The Association of Social Media Exposure with Adolescents' Preferences for and Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Changes in Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake From Before to After Nutrition Labeling Policy Implementation: A Comparison of Mexico and the United States.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Artificially Sweetened and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Risk of Liver Cancer.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Understanding sugar-sweetened beverage tax implementation globally: a 34-year, population-based observational study in 183 countries.The Lancet. Global health · 2026Observational
- Sugar reduction in complex food systems: linking metabolic mechanisms, matrix engineering, and safety evaluation.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- Tea intake as a dietary factor for cardiovascular health: global estimates of potentially preventable ischemic heart disease.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Neural embedding of frailty in cognitively unimpaired aging and dementia across Latin America.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption among Koreans: Differences across Age Groups and Beverage Types.Preventive nutrition and food science · 2026Article
- Divergent Liver and Kidney Metabolic Responses to Ketogenic, High-Fat, and Sucrose-Enriched Diets in Mice.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Bioengineered ROS-tolerant probiotic reshapes gut microbiota-host axis to ameliorate type 2 diabetes in male mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sugar-sweetened beverages: consumption, purchasing behaviour, and opinions about policy measures in a nationally representative panel of Dutch secondary school adolescents.BMC public health · 2026Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, an updated and comprehensive assessment of the global burden attributable to SSBs remains scarce. Here we estimated SSB-attributable T2D and CVD burdens across 184 countries in 1990 and 2020 globally, regionally and nationally, incorporating data from the Global Dietary Database, jointly stratified by age, sex, educational attainment and urbanicity. In 2020, 2.2 million (95% uncertainty interval 2.0-2.3) new T2D cases and 1.2 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.1-1.3) new CVD cases were attributable to SSBs worldwide, representing 9.8% and 3.1%, respectively, of all incident cases. Globally, proportional SSB-attributable burdens were higher among men versus women, younger versus older adults, higher- versus lower-educated adults, and adults in urban versus rural areas. By world region, the highest SSB-attributable percentage burdens were in Latin America and the Caribbean (T2D: 24.4%; CVD: 11.3%) and sub-Saharan Africa (T2D: 21.5%; CVD: 10.5%). From 1990 to 2020, the largest proportional increases in SSB-attributable incident T2D and CVD cases were in sub-Saharan Africa (+8.8% and +4.4%, respectively). Our study highlights the countries and subpopulations most affected by cardiometabolic disease associated with SSB consumption, assisting in shaping effective policies and interventions to reduce these burdens globally.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.