ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Mechanisms for Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering MSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Cargo Delivery to the Injured Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Kinetic and inhibitory profiling of serum MMP-9 in acute spinal cord injury: neurochemical links to injury severity and neuroinflammation.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Endothelial YAP Signaling Promotes Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair in Mice After Spinal Cord Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal stromal cells alleviate neuropathic pain in association with M2 macrophage polarization in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerve repair.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- 3D Fibrin/Gelatin Hydrogel System Enhances the Therapeutic Potency of DPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Compared to 2D Culture in Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing via Angiogenesis and Immune Modulation.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Challenges.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Continuous intravenous infusion of human mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injured rat modulates extracellular matrix and has greater therapeutic efficacy than multiple single injections.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pain management: A narrative review of emerging evidence and future directions.World journal of stem cells · 2026Review
- Unconventional Secretion of Angiogenic Sonic Hedgehog-Containing Extra-Large Extracellular Vesicles is Driven by PI3K-Rab18-GDP Signalling.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in brain disorders: mechanisms of repair and recovery.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- The Breakdown of Neurovascular Barriers: Molecular Mechanisms of Tight Junction Dysfunction.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Multidimensional Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Delivery and Microglial Reprograming in Spinal Cord Injury Repair.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Small Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery, and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Neuroangiogenesis potential of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke conditions.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- A preclinical study on cell therapy as an adjunct to surgical decompression in degenerative cervical myelopathy via accelerating blood spinal cord barrier reconstitution and neurological recovery.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Advanced Therapeutic Approaches Based on Small Extracellular Vehicles (sEVs) For the Regeneration of Spinal Cord Injuries.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on scar formation after spinal cord injury.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) exacerbating damage by allowing harmful substances and immune cells to infiltrate spinal neural tissues from the vasculature. This leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired axonal regeneration. The BSCB, essential for maintaining spinal cord homeostasis, is structurally similar to the blood-brain barrier. Its restoration is a key therapeutic target for improving outcomes in SCI. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have gained attention for their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties in promoting BSCB repair. MSCs enhance BSCB integrity by improving endothelial-pericyte association, restoring tight junction proteins, and reducing inflammation. MSC-EVs, which deliver bioactive molecules, replicate many of MSCs' therapeutic effects, and offer a promising cell-free alternative. Preclinical studies have shown that both MSCs and MSC-EVs can reduce BSCB permeability, promote vascular stability, and support functional recovery. While MSC therapy is advancing in clinical trials, MSC-EV therapies require further optimization in terms of production, dosing, and delivery protocols. Despite these challenges, both therapeutic approaches represent significant potential for treating SCI by targeting BSCB repair and improving patient outcomes.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.