ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Endosomal Escape and Nuclear Localization: Critical Barriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery CRISPR/Cas9: overcoming biological barriers, enhancing stability, and improving therapeutic precision.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Nanocarrier-Based Gene Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, and Future Perspectives.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Review
- Engineering the Future of Precision Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide to RNA Therapeutics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Chemical Modification Strategies for Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: Mechanism Compatibility, Design Trade-Offs, and Translational Barriers.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Single-Step Chromosomal Engineering Integrates Biocontainment and Therapeutic Function for Regulatory-Oriented Live Biotherapeutic Chassis Design.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Genome Editing: Challenges, Innovations, and Future Perspectives.MedComm · 2026Review
- The Versatile Applications of Antisense Oligonucleotides in Modern Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for cancer vaccine delivery: Challenges and future perspectives.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Enhanced endosomal escape for nanoparticle-enabled co-delivery of doxorubicin and siRNA to overcome multidrug resistance.Materials today. Advances · 2026Article
- Gene therapy for liver diseases: methods, challenges and opportunities.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Recent advances in lipid and biomimetic nanocarriers for nucleic acid delivery in glioblastoma.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Molecular Networks of Cellular Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Pathological Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond inflammation: siRNA strategies for precision targeting in rheumatological disorders.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- ROS-responsive hydrogel-delivered miR-665 targets STAT3 to alleviate inflammation and promote hair follicle regeneration in alopecia areata.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Potential of Receptor Silencing in the Tumor Microenvironment by RNA Interference.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Small Particles, Big Impact: Inorganic Nanotechnology for Glioblastoma.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cholesterol-dependent control of endosomal escape regulates intracellular trafficking of small interfering RNA therapeutics and interactions with small molecule drugs.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Smart biomaterials for cardiovascular, bone, and skin tissue engineering: mechanisms, applications, and future prospects.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as promising treatment strategies for a wide variety of diseases, offering the potential to modulate gene expression with a high degree of specificity. These small, synthetic nucleic acid-like molecules provide unique advantages over traditional pharmacological agents, including the ability to target previously "undruggable" genes. Despite this promise, several biological barriers severely limit their clinical efficacy. Upon administration, TNAs primarily enter cells through endocytosis, becoming trapped inside membrane-bound vesicles known as endosomes. Studies estimate that only 1-2% of TNAs successfully escape endosomal compartments to reach the cytosol, and in some cases the nucleus, where they bind target mRNA and exert their therapeutic effect. Endosomal entrapment and inefficient nuclear localization are therefore critical bottlenecks in the therapeutic application of TNAs. This review explores the current understanding of TNA endosomal escape and nuclear transport along with strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges, including the use of endosomal escape agents, peptide-TNA conjugates, non-viral delivery vehicles, and nuclear localization signals. By improving both endosomal escape and nuclear localization, significant advances in TNA-based therapeutics can be realized, ultimately expanding their clinical utility.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.