ArticleScientific reports2025
Formulation development and evaluation, in silico PBPK modeling and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies of clozapine matrix type transdermal patches.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Randomised controlled trial of clozapine in resistant schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- Skin Barrier-Informed Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Excipient-Driven Strategies, Vehicle Transformation, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Underprescription of Clozapine: A Narrative Review Regarding 'Clozaphobia'.Human psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Formulation, characterization, and evaluation of transdermal patches of ranolazine for chronic angina pectoris.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clozapine is a potent serotonin receptor antagonist and commonly used for the treatment of Schizophrenia. The study aimed to develop and optimize the transdermal matrix patch of clozapine. A 3-level, 3-factor Central Composite Design was applied to examine and validate the impact of various formulation variables, Eudragit, PEG, and oleic acid on in vitro drug release, flux, and tensile strength (TS). Different formulation characteristics were studied in terms of physico-chemical characterization, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), drug release performance, and in vitro permeability. The numerical and graphical optimization was based on the desirability function and the optimized formulation obtained from the polynomial equation was further validated and evaluated for the targeted critical attributes. The optimized patch was further evaluated for skin irritation, in vivo pharmacodynamics, in silico prediction, and simulation using the GastroPlus TCAT® model and stability. The experimental results of the optimized formulation, such as tensile strength 1.220 kg/cm
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.