ArticleDiabetes care2025
Subtypes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Are Differentially Associated With Newborn and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perinatal and long-term implications of diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus using only fasting and one-hour post-load glucose concentrations: Secondary analysis of the GEMS trial and its five-year follow-up.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Trial
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Subtypes and Maternal Cardiometabolic Outcomes 10-14 Years After Delivery.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Beyond Deterministic Fetal Programming: Intrauterine Exposures and the Multifactorial Origins of Adiposity.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Amino Acid Dysregulation in the Mother-Fetus Unit: Multi-Compartment Metabolomic Signatures of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Fetal Macrosomia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Associations between genetic variants of vitamin D metabolic pathway and gestational diabetes mellitus: the potential mediation role of serum 25(OH)DBMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Umbilical Cord Biomarkers of Nutritional and Metabolic Status in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Modulates Adipose Tissue Remodeling and CTRP6 Expression in a Depot- and Sex-Specific Manner in Mouse Offspring.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- The Natural History of Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in the Pediatric Population.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Glycometabolic profiles and pregnancy outcomes across pathophysiological subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Early-pregnancy fasting blood glucose and subsequent GDM define four distinct risk groups for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study of 15,245 women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Deciphering disease-specific glycosylation: unraveling diabetes subtypes through serum glycopattern.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Prenatal Ultrasonographic Markers of Macrossomia and C-Peptide in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSubtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on insulin sensitivity and secretion have been described. We addressed the hypothesis that GDM subtypes are differentially associated with newborn and child anthropometric and glycemic outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsNewborn and child (age 11-14 years) outcomes were examined in 7,970 and 4,160 mother-offspring dyads, respectively, who participated in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study and HAPO Follow-Up Study. GDM was classified as insulin-deficient GDM (insulin secretion <25th percentile with preserved insulin sensitivity), insulin-resistant GDM (insulin sensitivity <25th percentile with preserved insulin secretion), or mixed-defect GDM (both <25th percentile). Regression models for newborn and child outcomes included adjustment for field center, maternal BMI, and other pregnancy covariates. Child models also included adjustment for child age, sex, and family history of diabetes.
resultsCompared with mothers with normal glucose tolerance, all three GDM subtypes were associated with birth weight and sum of skinfolds >90th percentile. Insulin-resistant and mixed-defect GDM were associated with higher risk of cord C-peptide levels >90th percentile. Insulin-resistant GDM was associated with higher risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. Insulin-resistant GDM was associated with higher risk of neonatal hypoglycemia and childhood obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% CI 1.127-2.08). The risk of childhood impaired glucose tolerance was higher with insulin-resistant GDM (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.50-3.25) and mixed-defect GDM (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.47-6.19).
conclusionsGDM subtypes are differentially associated with newborn and childhood outcomes. Better characterizing individuals with GDM could help identify at-risk offspring to offer targeted, preventative interventions early in life.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.