ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Pathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) for the Treatment of Plantar Flexor Spasticity in Post-Stroke Patients
The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Spasticity: A Single-Subject Experimental Study
The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spasticity: A Single-Subject Experimental Study
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin for poststroke lower limb: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on post-stroke limb spasticity.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for post-stroke spasticity: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Therapeutic efficacy of 3 dimensions printed orthoses on wrist-hand flexor spasticity in post-stroke hemiplegia: a multi-center stratified clinical study.BMC neurology · 2025Trial
- Association of Cardiovascular Risk Burden with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Functional Performance in Patients with Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Acupoint-to-Acupoint Penetrating Acupuncture as an Add-on to Conventional Care for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effect of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Device on Limb Edema in Immediate Postoperative Stroke Patients.Cureus · 2026Article
- Article
- Development and preliminary validation of a multimodal instrument for spasticity quantification using a composite index: A pilot study.PloS one · 2026Article
- A perspective on the use of the CatWalk device to assess dynamic spasticity in rodent models.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Baishaoluoshi Decoction Mitigates Post-Stroke Spasticity by Targeting Synaptic Plasticity Through the Nogo-A/NgR Signaling Pathway.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Post-stroke sarcopenia as a neuromuscular disorder: a mini review of neural mechanisms and clinical implications.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- A retrospective analysis of the effect of scraping therapy with Astragalus membranaceus ointment combined with Tuina on upper limb spastic hemiplegia after hemorrhagic stroke.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- The unlocked hand: A surgical-rehabilitative paradigm for post-stroke spasticity.Journal of hand and microsurgery · 2025Article
- The Role of Hemispheric Sensory Shifts: Impacts on Stretch Reflex and Motor Plasticity Post-Stroke.Medical hypotheses · 2025Article
- Best evidence summary on positioning management in stroke patients.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Acupuncture of the adductor magnus for the treatment of post-stroke equinovarus: an investigation of the mechanism of action based on the anterior deep line.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for post-stroke spasticity: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
- Neuromodulation approaches and applications in the management of post-stroke pain: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in neurologyReview
- Association of upper limb motor function with muscle tone changes and quality of life in the subacute phase after stroke: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes, affects a significant portion of stroke patients and presents a substantial obstacle to post-stroke rehabilitation. Effective management and treatment for PSS remains a significant clinical challenge in the interdisciplinary aspect depending on the understanding of its etiologies and pathophysiology. We systematically review the relevant literature and provide the main pathogenic hypotheses: alterations in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the descending pathway or the spinal circuit, which are secondary to cortical and subcortical ischemic or hemorrhagic injury, lead to disinhibition of the stretch reflex and increased muscle tone. Prolongation of motoneuron responses to synaptic excitation by persistent inward currents and secondary changes in muscle contribute to hypertonia. The guidelines for PSS treatment advocate for a variety of therapeutic approaches, yet they are hindered by constraints such as dose-dependent adverse effects, high cost, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Taken together, we highlight key processes of PSS pathophysiology and summarize many interventions, including neuroprotective agents, gene therapy, targeted therapy, physiotherapy, NexTGen therapy and complementary and alternative medicine. We aim to confer additional clinical benefits to patients and lay the foundation for the development of new potential therapies against PSS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.