ArticleBMC public health2025
Visible and invisible cultural patterns influencing women's use of maternal health services among Igala women in Nigeria: a focused ethnographic study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health responsibility among marginalized women in Mashhad, northeastern Iran: a critical ethnographic study.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- The maternal health knowledge of pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics in the Western Cape: A cross-sectional study.Journal of public health in Africa · 2026Article
- Integrating Community Health System Activities and Participation into the Primary Healthcare System for Ensuring Effective Community Participation and Achieving Health Goals in Nigeria.Annals of global health · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundExplicit and implicit cultural patterns are critical cultural norms, beliefs, and practices that determine women's health-seeking behaviour. These cultural patterns could limit women's use of maternal health services, resulting in maternal health complications. The study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of explicit and implicit cultural patterns, their meanings and how they influence women's use of maternal health services among Igala women in Nigeria.
methodsRoper and Shapira's (2000) focused ethnography was employed with 43 women aged 18-43 years recruited using the purposive and snowballing technique. The study was conducted with 21 women for one-on-one interviews and two focus group discussions with six women in the rural area and seven women in the urban area. In addition, participant observation of nine women from the third trimester to birth was conducted, yielding 189 h of observation in two primary healthcare facilities in rural and urban areas. Data analysis was conducted using Roper and Shapira's (2000) method.
resultThree themes were generated using the PEN3 cultural model: perceptions, enabler, and nurturers. Subthemes generated under the theme of perception were, Belief in witchcraft, Pregnancy announces itself, I cannot tell people I am in labour, and Unspoken acquiescence to the culture. Under the theme of nurturer, Home birth was found to limit access to maternal health services. The theme of enabler yielded subthemes such as You are not woman enough; I want my placenta and Rising matriarchs.
conclusionImplicit and explicit cultural patterns significantly influence women's use of maternal health services. Given the complexity of culture and its influence on women's use of maternal health services, multifaceted strategies tailored to the cultural needs of communities are needed to enhance the realization of Sustainable Development Goal #3:1 in Nigeria.
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