Evidence mapPaperPMID 39806572Full record

ArticleBasic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology2025

Epidemiology of New Psychoactive Substances in Relation to Traditional Drugs of Abuse in Clinical Oral Fluid Samples.

Magnus A B Axelsson, Hanna Lövgren, Robert Kronstrand, Henrik Green, Moa Andresen Bergström

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Magnus A B AxelssonDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-3663
Hanna LövgrenSahlgrenska University Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0786-8561
Robert KronstrandDivision of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4222-9597
Henrik GreenDivision of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-5728
Moa Andresen BergströmDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-0638

Funding

Strategic Research Area in Forensic Sciences (SoFo), Linköping, SwedenVästra Götalandsregionen HS 2017-00497Västra Götalandsregionen RS 2016-04238VINNOVA 2017-02393
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are health-hazardous through unpredictable toxicity and effects and largely unknown epidemiology, motivating studies of the latter. Up to 138 NPS were retrospectively identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry data from all 34 183 oral fluid drug samples collected in one Swedish health care region 2019-2020 representing 9468 psychiatric and addiction care patients. In total, 618 findings representing 58 NPS were detected in 481 samples from 201 patients. Male gender and age ≥25 years correlated positively with NPS use. Ketamine correlated positively with all NPS classes except cannabinoids; additionally, fentanyl, methadone, tapentadol and clonazepam correlated with multiple NPS classes. More numerous traditional drugs of abuse (DoA) correlated positively with sedative/hypnotic NPS, indicating that these are used in broader patient groups than other NPS. Mitragynine correlated negatively with other NPS in general and with several traditional DoA, but positively with the potential opioid abstinence remedies buprenorphine, loperamide and tapentadol aside from ketamine. In conclusion, NPS use is infrequent but occur also at higher ages, certain traditional DoA and particularly ketamine could have clinical value as NPS use signals, and mitragynine exhibited an atypical NPS consumption pattern indicating significant use as an opioid abstinence remedy.

Indexed as

Illicit DrugsPsychotropic DrugsSalivaSubstance Abuse DetectionSubstance-Related DisordersAdultAgedAge FactorsChromatography, LiquidFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSwedenYoung AdultIllicit DrugsPsychotropic Drugsdrugs of abusehigh resolution mass spectrometrynew psychoactive substancesoral fluidpharmacoepidemiology

Identifiers

PMID39806572
PMCPMC11730279

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.