Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39814937›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

DeepDrug as an expert guided and AI driven drug repurposing methodology for selecting the lead combination of drugs for Alzheimer's disease.

Victor O K Li, Yang Han, Tushar Kaistha, Qi Zhang, Jocelyn Downey, Illana Gozes, Jacqueline C K Lam

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

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  5. Genetic analysis of neurodegenerative diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026
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  17. Doxycycline: An essential tool for Alzheimer's disease.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Victor O K Li *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. vli@eee.hku.hk.
Yang Han *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Tushar Kaistha *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Qi ZhangDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Jocelyn DowneyDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Illana GozesDepartment of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Jacqueline C K Lam *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. jcklam@eee.hku.hk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) significantly aggravates human dignity and quality of life. While newly approved amyloid immunotherapy has been reported, effective AD drugs remain to be identified. Here, we propose a novel AI-driven drug-repurposing method, DeepDrug, to identify a lead combination of approved drugs to treat AD patients. DeepDrug advances drug-repurposing methodology in four aspects. Firstly, it incorporates expert knowledge to extend candidate targets to include long genes, immunological and aging pathways, and somatic mutation markers that are associated with AD. Secondly, it incorporates a signed directed heterogeneous biomedical graph encompassing a rich set of nodes and edges, and node/edge weighting to capture crucial pathways associated with AD. Thirdly, it encodes the weighted biomedical graph through a Graph Neural Network into a new embedding space to capture the granular relationships across different nodes. Fourthly, it systematically selects the high-order drug combinations via diminishing return-based thresholds. A five-drug lead combination, consisting of Tofacitinib, Niraparib, Baricitinib, Empagliflozin, and Doxercalciferol, has been selected from the top drug candidates based on DeepDrug scores to achieve the maximum synergistic effect. These five drugs target neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glucose metabolism, which are all related to AD pathology. DeepDrug offers a novel AI-and-big-data, expert-guided mechanism for new drug combination discovery and drug-repurposing across AD and other neuro-degenerative diseases, with immediate clinical applications.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseArtificial IntelligenceDrug RepositioningDrug CombinationsDrug Therapy, CombinationHumansDrug CombinationsAging pathwaysAlzheimer’s DiseaseDeepDrugDirected biomedical graphExpert-led AI drug-repurposingGraph neural networkImmunologicalInflammationLead combination of AD drugsLong genesNeuro-degenerativePathway convergenceSomatic and germline mutations

Identifiers

PMID39814937
PMCPMC11735786

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.