Observational studyJournal of epidemiology and global health2025
The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study.
Observational study in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Regulatory frameworks for Legionella control in Australia: a scoping review of public health legislation and policy with New Zealand comparison.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Community-AcquiredPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the global impact of hypertensive heart disease among individuals aged ≥ 65 years: metabolic risk factors and future projections for 2050.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Two-stage surveillance ofSAGE open medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLegionella infections are a major global health issue, yet there's limited research on their impact and trends. We aimed to systematically analyzed the long-term trends in Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases (LSIADs) burden from 1990 to 2021.
methodsAge-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASR-DALYs) and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) of LSIADs from 1990 to 2021 were accessed from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which utilized the Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression tool and the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate these metrics. Trends in disease burden across age, sex, region, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels were estimated using annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and annual percentage changes (APCs).
resultsGlobally, the ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs in 2021 were 24.74 and 0.86 per 100,000, respectively, with the highest rates observed in regions with low SDI. From 1990 to 2021, while the overall burden of LSIADs showed a downward trend, the highest ASR-DALYs (101.85 per 100,000) and ASDRs (8.15 per 100,000) were observed in individuals over 70 years of age, accompanied by a corresponding increase in deaths (EAPCs = 0.17%, 95% CI: 0.09-0.26%). Furthermore, increases in ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs were also noted among those aged 15-49 years (EAPCs = 0.43% and 0.57%, respectively) and those aged 50-69 years (EAPCs = 0.14% and 0.09%, respectively).
conclusionHigher disease burdens and increasing trends have been observed in specific age groups and regions, which require the implementation of water quality management plans, enhanced readiness of health facilities, and improved sanitation infrastructure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.